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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Official name - the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. Short title - the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta was set up by Gerard Sasso Di Scala in Jerusalem in the XI century. Even before the conquest of the city by the Crusaders (in 1099 during their first expedition), he represented the monastic community with a haven for medical assistance faithful pilgrims to the Holy Land. Officially, the Order dates back to February 15, 1113, when Pope Pascal II has approved the establishment in Jerusalem under the tutelage of the Holy See’s religious order, the Hospital of St. John. He guaranteed the right to free election of heads of the Order, the decision of religious and secular issues of domestic life. At the head of the Order became Grand Master (the first Grand Master - Raymond du Puy).
War and turmoil of those times are often forced to members of the Order to defend against external enemies. In the Order gradually appears the second function - the military. Over time, this leads to the so-called institute “knights”. They have a responsibility to protect the sick, wounded and captured pilgrims, who managed to rescue of Muslim prisoners. Knights became a secular person, and the believers, the monks take a vow of poverty, chastity and obedience. Since then, the Order becomes mixed, so-called military-religious character. By this time include the emergence of the Order of the flag - on a red background - the image of a white eight-pointed cross of St. John the Baptist.
In 1291 under the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire Hospitallers moved to Cyprus. The Order maintains its autonomy in relations with other states. Over time, this status was akreplen in the documents of the Holy See, and the right to have their own troops provide a solid basis for the consolidation of international sovereignty of the Order.
In 1310, after the conquest of the Hospitallers. Order of the Rhodes gets its territorial sovereignty. The island became a stronghold at the turn of the protection of Christians from the “infidels”.
By the XIV century, the Order has grown considerably. It consisted of seven regions (the so-called “language”), which included Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (from Navarre, Castile and Portugal) as well as England, which then included the territory of modern Scotland and Ireland (in 1782 the region was renamed in the English-Bavarian “language”) and Germany (in 1462 Castile and Portugal withdrew from the Aragon and the eight “language”). Each of them was divided into great Priory and Priory, consisting, in turn, from balyazhey and Cmdr. Grand Master of the Order was ruled by the Council, in which all positions evenly distributed between the different “languages”. Grand Master himself had already held the title of Sovereign of Rhodes (later of Malta).
Hospitallers successfully withstood numerous attacks by Turkish troops. And yet, in the end suffered a crushing defeat in 1522, they were forced to leave on. Rhodes.
In 1530, after seven years of wandering knights fled to Malta (with the blessing of Pope Clement VII, the island was donated to the Order to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V).
Hospitallers had to repeatedly defend themselves from attacks by Turkish troops. One such siege, which lasted from May 18 to September 8, 1565
year was marked by a heroic victory over the Knights of superior enemy forces. In her honor on behalf of the Grand Master Jean de La Valletta was named the capital of Malta - Valletta.
In 1630, for numerous achievements in the service of faith, “Pope elevates the Grand Master of the Order of Malta to the rank of cardinal.
The first contacts between Russia and the Order of Malta are the beginning of the reign of Peter I. In May 1698 he visited Malta in the direction of Boris Sheremet, who gave the Grand Master of the king a charter, which indicated the desirability of rapprochement between Russia and the Order of Malta against the Turkish threat.
Intensive period of Russia’s ties with SMOM began in the reign of Catherine II. In January 1770 in Malta appears the first charge d’affaires of Russia with the Order of Malta Venetian awnings Kavalkabo. Catherine II, requested the assistance of Russian warships that participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1668-1774 years. Chapter of the Order to park and repair on the island of Russian warships.
Russo-medal connection grew rapidly after the accession in 1796, Paul I. January 4, 1797 Convention was concluded between the Order and Russia. According to the document in Russia established the Great Priory of the Order, which could enter the nobles Catholics among the Russian subjects. Soon Orden Chapter ratified the Russian-Maltese convention, laying in recognition of Paul I, the title of protector of the Order.
In 1798, during the Egyptian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte after the capture of Malta expelled from the island of “Maltese”, followed by a so-called “cheap period” history of the Order. SMOM asks Paul I set the patronage of the Order, announcing the overthrow of then headed by the Order of Ferdinand von Gompesha, and Paul Iprovozglashaetsya Grand Master. At the same time in Russia was created Grand Priory for the nobility of the Orthodox faith.
Paul I entered the title of Master in the official name of the Emperor of Russia, an emblem of the Order of the State Emblem of Russia, and established the Maltese Cross as a reward for military services. Yet the proclamation of the Grand Master who was married and the Russian Orthodox emperor was illegal in terms of the statute of the Order and the title was not found for him by the Holy See. So Paul I was the Grand Master of the only de facto.
After the murder of Paul I in 1801 the new emperor Alexander I, realizing the duality of the situation, refused the title of Grand Master, retaining the title of the tread. Later, Alexander I removed the symbolism of the knights of the heraldry of Russia, abolished the Knight’s Cross as a state award, and in 1817 the activities of Russian Orthodox Priorato in accordance with the imperial decree was terminated.
In 1803 the Hospitallers managed to settle in Rome, having received in the extraterritorial use of the palace on the Aventine Hill and Palace Street. Condotti, where he is still the headquarters of the Order of Malta.
Since December 1998. Order for 99 years for the exclusive use (providing the status of extraterritoriality) passed Fort Sant’Angelo on the island of Malta - the former residence of the Great Masters. It opened the International Academy and the Center for Assistance in the Mediterranean.
Currently SMOM - separate and independent entity in international relations, diplomatic relations with 93 countries and represented by its observers or delegates with many international organizations, including the Council of Europe, European Commission,
UNESCO, WHO, FAO. Since 1994, the SMOM has permanent observer status at the UN, as well as in several other UN offices in Geneva, Paris and Vienna.
Not being any international organization or state in the full sense of the word, the Order at the same time - the primary, not derived subject of international law: it has its own Constitution, has an active and a passive diplomatic right (to send and receive diplomatic missions), the right to conclude international treaties , to issue passports to issue its own stamps, coins.
Currency Orders - ACS value of 12 secretaries (about 25 cents), is current as suvenira.v).
Sovereign Order of Malta operates on the basis of the Laws Rogan XVIII century and the Constitutional Charter of 1961., As amended in 1997. Approved by the Holy See.
At present, the Order consists of 6 Great Priory (system “language” no longer exists) - Rome, Lombardy and Veneto, Naples and Silitsii, Austria, Bohemia and England, 3 Subprioratov (St. Michael-Silesia and the combined Rhine-Westphalia, SW . Oliver Plunketta in Ireland, Saint George and Jacques in Spain), as well as 54 national associations and organizations of medal.
Basic controls SMOM - Sovereign Masters Council, the General Chapter and Grand Council of State.
Grand Master of the Order of the governed. Its historic title - “God’s grace Humble Master hospice houses of the Holy Sepulcher and Guardian miserable in Christ Jesus.” More commonly used treatment - His Most Eminent Highness the Prince and Grand Master.
General Chapter meets every 5 years and is the highest assembly of knights of the Order and shall be convened to elect the Masters of the Sovereign Council, government advisers, allegations of possible changes in the Constitutional Charter and other legislative acts as well as to address the most significant problems of the Order.
In the Masters of the Sovereign Council is composed of the Grand Master (President), Grand Commander, Grand Hospitaller, Grand Chancellor, the Treasurer of the Order, the Secretary for International Affairs, as well as six permanent members. Sovereign Masters Council is the main governing body of the Order (the government) and elected by the Chapter General.
Grand Master is elected by the Great Council of State for life.
To be elected Grand Master of the required 50% plus one vote of those present and entitled to vote polling members. Among members of the Council consists of representatives of the Order of the structures - Priory, Subprioratov and national associations around the world. In April 1988, was elected Grand Master Andrew Bertie (first in the history of the Order of the Englishman, the Grand Master).
The executive bodies are the Office of the Order, the Great Ceremonial Magistracy, the Accounting Chamber.
SMOM has also its courts, however, particularly complex legal proceedings referred to the Court of Cassation of the Vatican, considered in the Order of the supreme court.
Pope appoints as his representative in the Roman Curia, Cardinal SMOM, received the title Cardinalis Patronus, which helps the prelate of the Order, also appointed by the Pope. Prelate of the Order is the Assistant Grand Master in spiritual activities.
Order has about 11 thousand permanent members (on the Knights “) and about 450 thousand cooperating with the Order of associate members. One of the specific features of the Order is that it is like at the time of its creation, has certain religious characteristics. Part of the knights, taking religious vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. Nevertheless, among the knights great number of lay persons, proclaiming at the same time, the principle of his life Christian charity. Knight of the Order of the character due to his aristocratic nature (in the past century, the Knights had just come from aristocratic families). At present, the Order is not a closed caste. Many members of the Order - the big industrialists and financiers, politicians and public figures, occupying a solid position not only in their own countries, but also in international circles. However, all members of the leadership of the Order have noble origins.
Another specific feature of the Order is its supranational character. In the leadership positions of the Order of the Knights is ongoing replacement of various nationalities. All the knights and members of its National Associations are citizens of their countries (belonging to the Order does not determine the nationality).
Evaluating the activities of the Order of Malta throughout the ages it should be noted that much of the Hospitallers manifested themselves as innovators of their cause. They founded the first in the history of mankind rapid and well coordinated service medical care: an international hospital for pilgrims in Jerusalem could take at the end of XI century to the thousands of patients simultaneously.
Home and, in fact, the only modern business activity SMOM - medical care and treatment, construction of hospitals, charities, that is all that now meant by humanitarian assistance.
Over time, the official motto of the Order has been some shift in emphasis from the first part of “defending the faith”, the second - “needy”. Order today operates in more than 90 countries, having their own hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, homes for the elderly and the disabled, the International Blood Bank (Malta), leper colony in Africa and South America, the centers of collection and distribution of medicines, treatment centers and rehabilitation of diabetes, children’s homes, school nurses and other charitable institutions of all kinds. Significant support is provided in the form of cash donations, food supplies, medicines, hygiene, clothing, etc.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta through the Malta Relief Service delivers hundreds of tons of humanitarian aid (medical equipment, medicines, baby food, food, clothing, toys) in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Kaliningrad and Russia’s other cities and share them with the help of volunteers directly to need. German Maltese Relief Services organized a special program of courses first aid. There is also work on other humanitarian programs. Total number of volunteers of the Order consists of hundreds of thousands of people. Projects under the Order of medical facilities are typically specialized profile and equipped with sophisticated equipment.
Wide network of hospitals and other medical institutions of the Order is located mainly in developing countries. Representatives of the Order of the collection and distribution of medicines, create shelters, provided care for the needy at home, build housing, work in field kitchens or dining rooms.
A separate area of the Order - the refugees. For them, the Order of a mobile health care centers, field hospitals and kitchens, centers for water purification.
The main work is SMOM through national associations, including the most influential and powerful - Italian (2500 knights), the three associations of the United States, Germanic, French, Irish.
Order of Malta has resumed its participation in the care of victims of all types of disasters such as wars, earthquakes, floods. In 1994. was established by the Emergency Service for the Order of Malta with a view to providing emergency, professional and effective assistance in situations of disaster. In the event of disasters within 12-24 hours in the corresponding region is sent to the assessment team ESEMI. In the case of a decision to start work within 36 hours sent several groups of rapid deployment. These rapid deployment teams receive first aid and prepare everything necessary for the second phase of assistance. Groups of primary care are ready for dispatch to the disaster area within 48 hours and have the opportunity to quickly deploy a central camp assistance, up to 1000 people each.
At present, along with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the world, there are another 4 of the Order of St. John (Ioannity), recognized by the Holy See, the governments of various countries and by the Order of Malta: Three Protestant (in Germany, Holland and Sweden), as well as the Anglican Order of St. John - in the UK.
Over the centuries the Order of his divisions, which are in fact illegally using the names and images are similar or identical to the symbolism of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
In addition, in some countries from time to time there are self-styled “orders” that claim the right to be called “Maltese”, but is not. These exist in Russia, such as “The Order of Malta, located in St. Petersburg, Russia Grand Prior of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem.”
Malta today there are several public organizations, calling themselves the “Order of Malta, but have no relation to the original Order.
Management and members of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta made significant efforts to dispel the self-proclaimed “Hospitallers”, “ioannitov” and “Knights of Malta, who are often engaged in unseemly activities and discredit SMOM ..
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Scope SMOM in demand in the world. Charity and humanitarian activities are gaining in importance and distribution. In addition, the medal is built organizational leadership and human resource line indicates the desire of the Order to the maximum extent take into account the major challenges of our time.