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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, Republic of Zimbabwe. State in southern Africa. Capital - g.Harare (about 2 million people. - 2002). Area - 390.76 ths. km. Administrative-territorial division - 8 provinces and 2 cities with provincial status. Population - 12.75 million people. (2005 est.). Official languages - English, Shona and Ndebele. Religion - Christianity and traditional African beliefs. Monetary unit - the Zimbabwean dollar. National Holiday - Independence Day (1980), April 18. Zimbabwe - UN member since 1980, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1980, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) in 1994, Southern African Development Community (SADC) 1992. Membership in the Commonwealth (association of countries that were part of the British Empire) suspended in March 2002.
Zimbabwe. Capital - g.Harare. Population - 12.75 million people. (2005 est.). Population density - 32.8 persons. 1 square. km (2002). The rural population accounts for more than 60%, urban - approx. 40% (2004). Area - 390.76 ths. km. The highest point - Mount Inyangani (2592 m above sea level. M). Administrative-territorial division - 8 provinces and 2 cities with provincial status. Official languages - English, Shona and Ndebele. Major religions: Christianity and traditional African beliefs. Monetary unit: Zimbabwe dollar = 100 cents. National Day - 18 February - Independence Day (1980). National anthem: “God bless Africa”.
Flag of Zimbabwe
Geographical location and boundaries. Land-locked States. It borders on the south by South Africa, south-west and west - with Botswana to the west and north-west - with Zambia to the east - with Mozambique.
NATURE
Terrain and water resources. The central part of Zimbabwe is an open plateau with heights of 1100-1850 m above sea level Almost all of the best farmland and most cities are located in upland areas characterized by a steady climate with abundant rainfall and fertile land. The peripheral areas of the country, except one in the east and the other along the border with Botswana to the west, mostly plain: in the north - pool r.Zambezi, in the south - pool r.Limpopo and south-east - pool r.Sabi. The lowest part of the country, differing in the hottest climates, is located on the south-east, in the basins of Nieu Bethesda and its tributary, Runde and r.Mvenezi in the basin, a tributary of the Limpopo. Rivers, as a rule, rapids, dry. Many of them dry in the dry season. Located north of Mutare Eastern Highlands reaches a height of 2592 meters above sea level (Mount Inyangani, the highest point of Zimbabwe), and in the mountains of Chimanimani, located south of Mutare along the border with Mozambique, the top of Bing reaches 2436 m above sea level The main watershed of the country’s territory crosses the plateau from the south-west to north-east and separates drainage basins of the rivers Zambezi and Limpopo, which flow into the Indian Ocean. In Zimbabwe, there is one large reservoir r.Zambezi Kariba on the border with Zambia, and many small - Kyle on the River. Mtilikve, Robertson and Mac-Ilueyn on r.Gvebi, Shangani-Tiyabenzi on r.Tiyabenzi, etc. On the north-east of r.Zambezi is the famous Victoria Falls height of 107 m and a width of approx. 1500 m
Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe
LANDSCAPE ZIMBABWE - at the foot of the mountains zlakovniki alternate with dense forests
The climate of the northern part of the country sub-equatorial, and south - tropical. Pleasant weather is typical for the central highlands, while the evenings are sometimes cool, but in the winter season, from May to August, sometimes there are frosts. Even in the summer season from November to March the temperature does not exceed 27 ° C in the daytime and 16 ° C - in the night. Average winter temperature is 18 ° C. For most of the year humidity is low. Precipitation occurs in the warmer months (November to April) and are particularly intensive in the mountains. Agricultural areas on the plateau annually receive up to 900 mm of precipitation, and the Eastern Highlands - up to 2500 mm. In some areas, observed precipitation deficit, for example, in the pool r.Limpopo average annual rainfall does not exceed 250 mm.
Minerals (all approx. 70) - asbestos, diamonds, iron ore, gold, limestone, coal, cobalt, lithium, copper, nickel, tin, platinum (stocks are among the richest in the world), silver, phosphates, chrome and etc.
Flora and Fauna. Vegetation in much of Zimbabwe before savannovym sparse. There are small areas of dry deciduous forest in north-west and acacia thickets on the south-west. In the south, large areas covered with forests of the African iron wood - Mopane.
Wildlife Zimbabwe is rich and varied. In the north-west and south-east, elephants, antelopes, zebras, giraffes and lions in the Eastern Highlands preserved leopards. The largest reserves of - Hwange National Parks in the north-west of the country and Gona-re-Zhou in the south-east. National parks is 10%.
In the savannahs of Zimbabwe also inhabit hyenas, hippos, buffaloes, rhinos and Aardwolf. Varied is the world of birds, many reptiles (including an African python). In reservoirs are found crocodiles. Among the insects are most common ants, mosquitoes and termites, in the northern regions - the tsetse fly.
PEOPLE
Average population density - 32.8 persons. 1 square. km (2002). Its average annual increase of 0.51% (population growth rate declined sharply because of the AIDS epidemic). Birth rate - 29.74 per 1000 people., Mortality rate - 24.66 per 1000 people. Infant mortality rate - 67.69 per 1000 newborns. 39,2% of the population are children under 14 years. Residents who have attained the age of 65, - 3,7%. Life expectancy - 36.67 years (males - 37.21, women - 36,11). (All figures are given in the estimates for 2005). The purchasing power of the population in 2004 was 1,900 dollars (in 2001 - 2450 U.S. dollars).
Zimbabwe - a multiracial and polyethnic state. 98% of the population are African peoples. 1% of the population is Caucasian, as well as mestizos and Asians. The most numerous people (82%) are Shona (zezuru, Kalanga, Karanga, korekore, manika and Ndau). Ndebele - approx. 14%, Venda, hay, Sotho, Tonga and hlengve are OK. 2%. The local languages the most common languages of the Shona, Ndebele, Kalanga and Tonga.
The rural population is over 60%. Major cities - Bulawayo (about 1 million people. - 2002), Gweru, Kvekve, Masvingo, Mutare, Hwange, Chinoy, Chitungviza etc.
Emigrants, Zimbabweans living in South Africa (in 2004 there were 2 million people., 5 of them thousands of refugee status), in the United Kingdom (100 thousand). And other European countries. Zimbabwe belongs to the recipient countries of refugees in Africa. On the territory of the country occupied by refugees from Mozambique, Namibia (after independence returned home 45 thousand people.), South Africa and other countries. With the economic crisis affecting Zimbabwe, beg. 2000’s, there has been illegal immigration in South Africa.
Religion. Ok. 55% of the population - Christians (Roman Catholic religion of more than 1 million people.) Ca. 45% of traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, the worship of ancestors, the forces of nature, etc.) - 2002. The spread of Christianity began on Wednesday. 19. Ok. 40% of Africans are Christian congregations of many African churches. There are also a small number of adherents of Judaism (about 1 thousand people.) And Baha’i.
POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND POLICY
State system. Republic. The Constitution was adopted on April 18, 1980, as amended 1987 and 1989. Head of State and Government, as well as chief of the armed forces is the President who is elected by direct universal suffrage for a 6-year term. The president can be elected to that post an unlimited number of times. Legislative power is exercised by a unicameral parliament (National Assembly), which consists of 150 members (120 of whom are elected by direct universal suffrage, 12 - appointed by the president, 10 seats occupied by traditional chiefs and 8 occupy posts 8 provincial governors). The term of office of the National Assembly - 5 years.
President - Robert Gabriel Mugabe (Robert Gabriel Mugabe). Elected March 9-11, 2002. Had been elected in March 1990 and March 1996. As president, is from 1987.
Vice-presidents - MSTQ Joseph (Joseph Msika) and Mudzhuru Joyce (Mujuru Joyce, wives.).
State flag - a rectangular panel consisting of seven horizontal stripes of equal size: in the center is a strip of black, and on both sides of it (top and bottom) - red, yellow and green stripes. In the left part of the flag (at the flagpole) on the band imposed an isosceles triangle of white in the center of which is placed a red five-pointed star with the image of a yellow bird.
Administrative structure. The country is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities (Harare and Bulawayo), which have the status of provinces.
Judiciary. Based on principles of Roman-Dutch civil code with elements of English common law also apply customary law. There are high and the Appellate Courts, regional (provincial tribunals), magistrates’ courts and traditional courts.
The armed forces and defense. Zimbabwe National Army was formed in 1980 through the merger of ZANU and ZAPU guerillas (50 thousand). With the Rhodesian security forces (the regular army of the white minority regime). In 2002 the armed forces there were 36 thousand people. (Army - 32 ths., Air Force - 4 thousand people.). The protection of public order, the Police (19.5 ths.) And paramilitary police units (2.3 thousand).. Defense spending in 2004 amounted to $ 217 million. (4,3% of GDP).
Foreign policy. In its basis - the policy of nonalignment. Main foreign partners - South Africa, Namibia, etc. After the abolition of apartheid in South Africa, Zimbabwe has repeatedly contributing troops to participate in the operations of UN peacekeeping forces and the OAU (especially in Angola). In 1998 to support President L. Kabila against rebels in the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) were sent to parts of the Zimbabwean army. These actions of the Government of Zimbabwe in 1998-2000 aggravated relations with South Africa. As a result of the seizure of farms owned by white citizens of Zimbabwe, in 2000 strained relations with Britain. In 2002, suspended Zimbabwe’s membership in the Commonwealth. Develop political and economic cooperation with China. Zimbabwe expressed support for the policy of “one China”. In July 2005 in Beijing, made a visit President Mugabe. During the official talks, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao called Zimbabwe’s main partner in China on the African continent.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Zimbabwe established February 18, 1981. In December 1991, Russia recognized the successor of the USSR. In 1998, Zimbabwe’s deputy visited. Foreign Minister Vladimir Possouvaliouk and the delegation of the State Duma. More cooperation of Russia and Zimbabwe in the economic sphere: Russia supplies medical equipment company Zarubezhgeologiya launched the explored areas for the extraction of alluvial gold. Cooperation has been in the training of national personnel: in Russian universities students from Zimbabwe. Until 2003, universities USSR / Russia have completed 670 Zimbabweans. Russia annually provides 13 scholarships to students from Zimbabwe.
Political organizations. The situation was a multi-party system (more than 20 registered political parties). The most influential of them:
- “Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front, ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front, ZANU-PF), President - Robert Gabriel Mugabe (Robert Gabriel Mugabe), vice-presidents - Mudzhuru Joyce (Mujuru Joyce, wives .) MSTQ and Joseph (Joseph Msika), gen. sec. - Mutasa Didimus (Didymus Mutasa). The ruling party, creating. in 1963 22 December 1987 merged with the “Patriotic Front (ZAPU);
- “Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga, ZANU-Ndonga (Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga, ZANU-Ndonga), the chair is vacant, gen. sec. - Nguva Edwin (Edwin Nguwa). Fundamentals. in 1977, political leaders, came out of Zanu. Until 1989 was known as ZANU (Sithole group);
- “Movement for Democratic Change, MDC (Movement for Democratic Change, MDC), presiding. - Mr Tsvangirai, Morgan (Morgan Tsvangirai), gen. sec. - Ncube Uelshman (Welshman Ncube). C. date. in January 2000 on the basis of trade unions;
- The Zimbabwe Unity Movement, ZDE (Zimbabwe Unity Movement, ZUM), a leader - Tekere Edgar (Edgar Tekere). Party C. date. in April 1989 by a group led by E. Tekere, which broke away from ZANU-PF. January 27, 1994 ZDE teamed up with the party “United African National Council”;
- “Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe, KAZ (Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe, CAZ), President - Smith, Gerald (Gerald Smith), presiding. - Moroni, Mike (Mike Moroney). Party of the European population, DOS. in 1962 under the title “Rhodesian Front, the current name is from 1984;
- “United Party”, OP (United Parties, UP), leader - Muzoreva Abel (Abel Muzorewa). C. date. in 1994, “Zimbabwe Union of Democrats, CLE (Zimbabwe Union of Democrats, ZUD), presiding. - Dongo, Margaret (Margaret Dongo, the wives.). Party C. date. in December 1994.
Trade unions
Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, ZCTU (Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, ZCTU). Created in February-March 1981, brings together 300 thousand members. Chairman - Lovemore Matombo (Lovemore Matombo), gen. sec. - Isidore Zindoga (Isidore Zindoga).
ECONOMY
Zimbabwe belongs to a group of relatively developed countries of the African continent. Began in 1999 economic crisis led to a drop in the level of production in virtually all industries. In 2002, 70% of the population were at the level of poverty.
Manpower. The economically active population is 4.23 million. (2004 est.).
Industry. Share in GDP - 24.3% (2004 est.). Main industry - manufacturing. Operate enterprises on processing agricultural products (including production of meat and canned fruit, powdered milk, jams and vegetable oil), tobacco, textiles and footwear, are manufactured paint for the automotive, aircraft and shipbuilding industries, automobile and tractor batteries electrical cable, ceramic products, etc. Since 2000 the economic crisis the most severely affected the textile industry.
We develop the mining industry: commercial production of asbestos, iron, gold, coal, magnesite, nickel, silver and chromite. Being the development of rich deposits of platinum. The largest foreign exchange earnings brings gold mining (44% - 2000). In 1993 set up a joint Russo-Zimbabwean company for exploration of river reserves of precious metal “OZZHEO» (OZGEO). In 1996 in Zimbabwe launched the first pit diamond mining, the extraction is an Australian company “Oridium» (Auridium).
Agriculture. The share of agricultural sector in GDP - 18.1%, it employs% of the population (2004 est.). Processing the 8,32% of the land (2001). Most of the marketable products produce high-yield farming farmers. The main export crops - tobacco (over 35% of foreign exchange earnings), sugar cane and cotton. In 2000 tobacco growing Zimbabwe won 3rd place in the world (after Brazil and the USA), were grown 237 million kg of this culture. In 2001-2003 the production of tobacco because of the drought significantly decreased. In 2005, produced 100 million kg of tobacco (in 2003 - 70 million kg). Also cultivated peanuts, coffee, corn, oats, vegetables, sunflower, millet, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, fruits, tea and barley. Developed export-oriented floriculture. Reduced the level of livestock production (goats, cattle, horses, sheep, donkeys and pigs). Damage to agriculture causing frequent droughts and the tsetse fly. River fishing (mainly catch tilapia) is weak. In 1996, Zimbabwe signed an agreement with Namibia to join efforts in the development of fisheries and aquaculture.
Zimbabwe within SADC is coordinating work to accelerate the integration processes in the region in the field of food, agriculture and natural resources.
MARKET Harare - Zimbabwe’s capital
Foreign trade. The volume of exports and imports practically identical: in 2004 exports (U.S. $) was $ 1.41 billion, import - 1,59 billion. Basis of its exports are gold, cotton, tobacco, textiles and clothing textiles. Main export partners: South Africa (11,9%), Zambia (6.3%) and China (3,4%) - 2004. Main commodities of imports - machinery and equipment, petroleum products, industrial semi-finished products, food products, transportation equipment, chemical products and electricity. Major import partners - South Africa (47,2%), DRC (6.2%) and China (4,4%) - 2004.
At the end. 1990 Zimbabwe, along with Angola, Botswana, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa, on the territory of which inhabit approx. 220 thousand elephants, took part in organizing center for the trade ivory.
Energy. Ok. 40% of electricity consumed is generated by thermal power plants (in the cities of Bulawayo, and Harare Munayati), using as fuel the local coal, and the Kariba hydroelectric station, built on r.Zambezi. Electricity production in 2002 amounted to 8.84 billion kilowatt-hours. The remaining electricity is imported from Zambia and Mozambique. Work is underway on the effective use of solar energy. In rural areas, as a fuel is widely used wood.