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ZAMBIA.
ZAMBIA. Republic of Zambia. The state in the southern part of Central Africa. Capital - Lusaka (1.7 million people).. Area - 752.6 thousand square meters. km. Administrative-territorial division - 8 provinces. Population (estimated for 2003) - 10,8 million people. Official language - English. Religion - Christianity and traditional African beliefs. Currency - Kwacha. National Day - October 24 - Independence Day (1964). Zambia - a member of the UN since 1964, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1964-2002, the African Union (AU) in 2002, NAM in 1964, SADC (Southern African Development Community), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), a full-fledged member of the Commonwealth (association of countries that were part of the British Empire).
Land-locked States. The present borders of Zambia have been identified in the late 19 - early 20 centuries. during the partition of Africa by European powers. June 11, 1891 was signed by the Anglo-Portuguese agreement on the division of the basin. Zambezi, which identified the existing and still Zambian border with the neighboring states. It borders with the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Tanzania - to the north and north-east, Malawi - to the east, Mozambique - in the south-east, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia - in the south, Angola - in the west.
Zambia. Capital - Lusaka. Population - 10,7 million (2003). Population density - 13 people per 1 square. km. Urban population - 78%, agriculture - 22%. Area - 752.6 thousand square meters. km. The highest point - Mount Namitova (2164 m), the lowest - 314 m above sea level (p Luangwa on the Zambezi River). Languages: Official - English, National - Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi (Barotse), Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga). Major religions: Christianity and traditional African beliefs. Administrative-territorial division - 8 provinces. Monetary unit: Kwacha = 100 Ngwe. National Day - October 24 - Independence Day. National anthem: “Arise and sing the Zambia, proud and free country.”
Flag of Zambia
Nature. Most of the territory of Zambia is a plateau height 1000-1500 m above sea level. 4 / 5 of the territory is located in the basin r.Zambezi (its name comes from the name of the country). In the lower reaches of the river is one of the largest in the world, Victoria Falls (120 m). In the north there are large lakes of tectonic origin - Tanganyika, Bangweulu and Mweru, which are among the seven largest lakes in Africa. A characteristic feature of the landscape of the country - marshes.
The climate of Zambia - a soft equatorial. Clearly distinguishes three seasons: cold and dry - from May to August (winter), hot and dry - from September to November (spring), warm and wet - from December to April (summer). The national average temperature (Celsius) fluctuates during the cold months from +16 ° to +27 °, during the hot - from +27 ° to +38 °.
About half of the territory covered by forests. Growing baobabs (including the giant), mopane tree (like beech), lianas. About 30% of the territory occupied by 19 national parks and 34 reserves. The largest of them - Kafue Park (the area of 22,4 thousand sq. km.) - Located in the center of the country.
The animal world is different habitats of rare species: savannah (bush) elephant, black rhino, cheetah, etc. The number of elephants in the past 30 years (as of 2003) as a result of poaching has declined from 200 thousand to 25 thousand very rich in aquatic fauna: dwarf crocodiles (listed as endangered), turtles, at p. Zambezi inhabits one of the oldest on the planet Fish - Lungfish protoptera. In Zambia, a huge variety of insects. Termites - a key element to the Zambian landscape. The major danger to humans are insects that carry malaria and dengue fever, as well as the tsetse fly.
Population. Estimated mid-2003 population of Zambia was 10.7 million. Population increases by an average of 3.5% per year. Density compared with other African states is rather low - 13 people. 1 square. km. Birth rate - 41.46 per 1000 people., Mortality rate - 21.97 per 1000 people. In 2002, life expectancy was 37.3 years (rates for men and women is practically identical), which is significantly lower than ten years old - 52 years.
Zambia - polyethnic state. About 99% of the population is of indigenous people who belong to buntuyazychnym peoples. 73 ethnic groups (Bemba, Kaonde, Lala, Lozi (Barotse), Luvale, Lunda, Luena, Malawi, Ngoni, Nyanja, subiya, Tonga, Fipa, etc.). Historically identified three ethnic center - Bemba, Tonga and Lozi (Barotse) - around which are grouped kindred tribes. Seven African languages (Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi (Barotse), Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga) are officially recognized as national languages. Around 100 thousand people. - Europeans and Asians (India and Pakistan). Large numbers of refugees (about 250 thousand people.) From Angola, Mozambique, DRC (former Zaire), and Namibia. Most refugees from Angola - 200 thousand people. With the signing of an agreement on the repatriation of Angolan refugees (Luanda, November 2002) in 2003, returned home about 1800 people.
Except for a few ethnic groups in the Eastern Province, or mixed-preserving patrilineal kinship system, in most Zambian families of origin and inheritance are established in the female line.
In the modern history of Zambia have not been serious ethnic clashes. Analysts call Zambia a good example of achieving ethnic and political consolidation in time.The state.
Zambia - one of the most urbanized countries in sub-Saharan Africa, about half of its population lives in cities. Cities that have arisen in the early 20 century., (With wide streets and a free low-rise buildings) now rapidly grow due to migration from rural areas. The core group of cities located along the lines of railways. Major cities - Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, Livingstone and Kabwe.
73% of the population classified as poor, of which 58% - as very poor. Per capita income in 2002 was about $ 350, that less than $ 1 a day. Average salaries of civil servants - 60-80 dollars a month. In 2002 the cost of the minimum consumer basket (on srednestaticheskuyu Zambian family of 6 persons.) Amounted to 326, 5 thousand kwacha ($ 75). Includes fees for housing and utilities, cost of living in a family per month was 825 thousand kwacha (U.S. $ 180).
Staple food of Zambians - products made from corn flour (miles-miles). In late 2002 prices (in dollars) for basic food items were: 1 kg of bread - 0.35, 1 liter of milk - 0,35, 1 kg of sugar - 0,5, 1 kg of bananas - 0,4.
History.
Ancient history. The territory of modern Zambia was inhabited since ancient times. At the end of the 1 st millennium BC. e. - Early AD local tribes of hunters and gatherers were scattered multiple streams of mass migrations bantuyazychnyh tribes that came with the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola, as well as the southern tribes Ngoni. Zambia is one of the oldest centers of metallurgy of iron in sub-Saharan Africa. On its territory before the Europeans arrived there were a number of small rannegosudarstvennyh and tribal associations (Bemba, Lunda and Eastern Bissau) with a high level of development of material culture. In the late 17 century. the north-east of Zambia had the strong independent rannegosudarstvennoe education Kazembe. Another very influential political entity was the state Lozi (Barotse), arose in the mid-18 century. in the south-western parts of Zambia and existed prior to European conquest.
Colonial period. In the late 18 century. the territory of modern Zambia entered Portuguese (expedition MG Pereira - 1796, F. J. de Lacerda-and-Almeida and F. J. Pinto - 1798-1799). Major F. J. Pinto visited the country Barotse. These studies were to prepare a further expansion of Portugal in southern Africa, but plans Lisbon faced with competition such colonial powers like Britain and Belgium. In the mid-19 century. began to penetrate European explorers, missionaries and traders. Outstanding scientist, traveler and humanist, a Scottish physician David Livingstone (1813-1873) commissioned by the London Missionary Society undertook three long expeditions to Africa (and having visited in Zambia), made a number of valuable ethnographic observations. In 1890, emissaries of the British South Africa Company, founded by Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902), forced the leaders of the local African tribes a number of agreements on concession for the development of mineral resources. In the same year, Britain announced that region (now Zambia and Zimbabwe) the scope of their interests. In an effort to protect the region from the penetration of Germany and Portugal, Great Britain occupied the eastern regions of the upper Zambezi River, giving them the name of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). After that it has entered into several agreements with the leaders of the African tribes who occupied the territory north of the Zambezi (1891 Barotselend was proclaimed British protectorate), and turning this region into its sphere of influence. Officially, the territory was named Northern Rhodesia in 1911. In 1923-1924 the British mining engineers discovered in the depths of Northern Rhodesia’s richest deposits of copper ore, making it one of the richest possessions of Britain in Africa. In 1953 Northern Rhodesia became part of the Central African Federation (TSAF), which also included Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Malawi). In December 1963 the Central African Federation was officially abolished.
The period of independent development. The first political organization of the indigenous population of Northern Rhodesia - The Federation of Associations of wealth - appeared in 1946. At its base in 1948 established the first African political party - the Congress of Northern Rhodesia (in 1951 it was renamed the African National Congress of Northern Rhodesia “). Program of the ANC condemned the racial barrier, and demanded representation of Africans in government, the introduction of universal suffrage on the principle of “one person - one vote”. We managed the first time were the people who prefer peaceful methods of interaction with the colonial authorities. In 1958, on the basis of a faction of the ANC established the National Congress, led by Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda. The government has banned its activities. In 1960, instead of the National Congress of Zambia established the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Its leader was K. Kaunda. 29 March 1963 the Government of Northern Rhodesia received formal approval of Great Britain to withdraw from the federation. Adopted a new constitution, designed to accelerate the transfer of power to the African majority, and met resistance from white settlers. In early 1963 K. Kaunda led the first African government of Northern Rhodesia.
24 October 1964 Northern Rhodesia was proclaimed an independent state - Republic of Zambia. Its first president was the leader of a Joint National Independence Party. Kenneth Kaunda. In 1973 a new constitution, according to which country a one-party system. The party proclaimed its aim the transition from capitalism to socialism and humanism, which should contribute to the elimination of imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, fascism and racism. Philosophical and socio-economic doctrine of the ruling party, UNIP was outlined in the document Humanism in Zambia. The basic idea of “Zambian Humanism” was in the building in Zambia a society of social justice, which inherited the best features of traditional African society of mutual aid in the new conditions of commodity-money relations.
Despite the difficulties arising from the disruption of economic relations with Southern Rhodesia, during the first decades of independent development is the rapid growth of the Zambian economy. This is due to continuing high prices for copper and substantial foreign aid. The fall in copper prices on the world market has led to a deep recession in the economy. The economic crisis of the 80’s, the strike movement, the dramatic suppression of the Government of any opposition views lead to growing dissatisfaction with the regime K. Kaunda. Zambia Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) tried to prevent an attack on the social rights of workers in this period, he was an informal opposition to one-party rule. In the late 80’s government attempted to cut real wages, to reduce the number of jobs in the public sector and reduce subsidies to maintain fixed prices for essential goods. This led to mass protests.
In the early 90’s in Zambia, as in several other countries in Africa, has become widespread movement for democracy and rejection of one-party model of political system. November 30, 1990 Parliament abolished the art. 4 of the current constitution, which for seventeen years, reinforcing the existence of one-party system. Act was adopted multiparty system. In December of that year in Zambia has registered the first opposition party - the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, DMD (sometimes in literature, another of its name - MMD). In the following months were officially recognized by 11 other opposition parties.
Presidential and parliamentary elections on 31 October - 1 November 1991 were held under a multiparty system. DMD won a landslide victory, receiving 75.8% of the vote. K. Kaunda, who submitted his candidacy from UNIP, received 24,2% of the vote. President of Zambia was the leader of the DMD Frederick Chiluba, a long time who also heads the Trade Union Congress of the country. Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) received 69 seats in Parliament, United National Development Party (OPNR) - 49, United National Independence Party (UNIP) - 13. DMD and Frederick Chiluba, won a landslide victory because of its slogans: replacement of an authoritarian regime to democratic, creating a responsible, controlled and accountable government, the suspension of the economic crisis in the country, improve living conditions, combating corruption, etc. K. Kaunda, for 27 years irremovably held the post of President of the Republic, handed over power in elections on a multiparty basis. Zambia belongs to a small group of countries on the African continent, in which the transition to democratic reform took place peacefully.
In March 1993, UNIP leadership published two documents entitled the zero option and radical program of action, which opened was seeking to take power. The Government considered these documents as inflammatory, but UNIP illegal activity - were arrested several of its prominent figures, including three sons K. Kaunda. Beginning the work of a government commission to investigate the ex-president. Authorities declared a state of emergency for three months.
By the end of the first term F. Chiluba as president (1996) The outcome of political and economic reforms undertaken by the ruling party of DMD have been very modest. Rigid structural adjustment programs led to a rise in unemployment and a new round of inflation (180%). The opposition accused the Government of F. Chiluba for corruption, differences emerged in the higher echelons of power. Zambia’s new constitution, adopted in May 1996 (it was not approved by national referendum, but only by the Parliament), contain a clause whereby the Zambians in less than a third generation could not run for the presidency. The main political rival, F. Chiluba in the forthcoming elections 1996 - K. Kaunda, - thus prevented from running for president because his father was a native of neighboring Malawi. UNIP and six other opposition parties to protest against the discriminatory amendment to the constitution, boycotted the elections, which still held 18 November 1996. Won by the ruling party, F. Chiluba overwhelming majority of voters re-elected to a second term, and the DME has received 131 out of 150 seats in parliament.
In 1997, revitalized the opposition, led by former President K. Kaunda and the leader of the Liberal Progressive Front Roger Chongwe. The opposition, dissatisfied with the results of elections, resorted to lawsuits as the Supreme Court, and to direct appeals to mass protests and demonstrations. F. Chiluba government’s ban on the establishment of Islamic parties also contributed to increased political tensions in the country (the Muslim youth and students for this reason that boycotted the presidential and parliamentary elections in 1996). The culmination of growing tensions in the country has failed coup of October 28, 1997 (a group of junior rank officers led by Captain Solo seized the radio station and announced the transition of power to the military, a few hours later the rebels were arrested). The government has introduced emergency rule, which continued until February 1998. Christmas Eve 1997 on charges of financing a military coup, was arrested K. Kaunda. Political machinations F. Chiluba’s government led to a suspension of funding for most (except the target) assistance programs, IMF and WB, as well as the isolation of Zambia on inter-African level.