Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises Sea Cruises
Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises
Sea Cruises
Company Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises offer the best ocean Vermuda cruise
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Antarctic Continent (English)
Russia research station Vostok, southern geomagnetic polyusAntarktida, Antarctic Continent (English) - the sixth, the latter open the account, the mainland in the extreme south of our planet. Antarctica, along with stretching around the area of Antarctica - the world’s natural reserve.
Under the Antarctic Treaty of 1 December 1959 as the Antarctic as a whole, and the Antarctic continent itself may not belong to any state, are used only for peaceful purposes, the researchers have access to anywhere in the Antarctic and the right of access to information obtained by researchers in other countries. In compliance with the provisions of the treaty following the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, which includes representatives of 45 States.
1991 Madrid Protocol prohibits industrial activity and mining in Antarctica [1].
Research activities in Antarctica is coordinating the Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research.
Background
Area 13 million 661 thousand km ² [2] (along with the ice shelves)
Average altitude: 2300 m (the highest continent) [3]
The highest peak: G. Vinson (Vinson), 5140 m [4]. Coordinates, the Vinson 78 ° 35’yu. N., 85 ° 25’v. E. [5]
Population research stations from 1000 people. in winter to 4000 people. summer [6], the population of Russian stations from 135 people. winter to 353 in summer (2006)
Postoyannodeystvuyuschie Antarctic polar station - 37 stations by country: Argentina 6, Russia 5, USA, Australia and Chile - 3, United Kingdom and China - 2, Norway, France, New Zealand, Japan, Brazil, Uruguay, South Korea, South Africa , Germany, India, Poland, Ukraine - 1, and 1 joint (France-Italy) [7]
Russia’s postoyannodeystvuyuschie polar station: “Bellingshausen” (62 ° 12’yu. N. 58 ° 56’z. Etc), East (78 ° 27’yu. N. 106 ° 52’v. Etc.), peace “(66 ° 33’yu. N. 93 ° 01’v. etc.), Novolazarevskaya” (70 ° 46’yu. N. 11 ° 50’v. etc.), “Progress” (69 ° 23 ‘S 76 ° 23’v. etc.) [8]
Closest to Antarctica State: Chile (Chilean part of the island of Tierra del Fuego)
Nearest city: Ushuaia (Argentina) on the island of Tierra del Fuego, from Alexander I to the Earth Ushuaia 1238 km [9]
States, claiming to be part of the territory in Antarctica: Britain, France, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Norway, New Zealand (part of the sectors overlap) [10]
Specific points in Antarctica: the geographic South Pole, the South geomagnetic pole (78 ° 30’S. N. 111 ° E) [11], the Pole of inaccessibility (84 ° S 65 ° E) [12 ]; near the coast of Antarctica is also the South Magnetic Pole.
Blast zone in the Internet:. Aq
Opening of Antarctica
The banks of the eternal ice of Antarctica without first to see the Russian explorers, the expedition Faddevicha Thaddeus Bellingshausen January 29, 1821.
Land of Alexander I. Drawing from nature, made a party to the expedition Bellingshausen artist Pavel Nikolaevich Mikhailov, in January 1821
In the Bellingshausen travel diary for 17 January (old style), said: “At 11 o’clock we saw the shore, Cape onogo extending to the north, ends up high on the mountain which is separated by an isthmus of other mountains ... I call these things the acquisition of Bank because that the remoteness of the other end to the south gone beyond the limit of our ... Sudden change of color on the surface of the sea gives the idea that the beach is wide, or at least, does not consist of only one part of which is before our eyes. “
Bellingshausen gave the name of the bank of the Russian Emperor Alexander I. Land of Alexander I was part of mainland Antarctica.
Opening day of Antarctica is often called the January 28, 1820, when members of the same expedition saw the ice barrier and land ice ( “ice continent,” according to the Bellingshausen), rising to the south.
Peter I Island off the coast of Antarctica. Drawing from nature, made a party to the expedition Bellingshausen artist Pavel Nikolaevich Mikhailov
Researchers from different countries visited the coast of Antarctica in 1820-30-ies., As evidenced by the name of coastal land on the map of the continent. True shape on the map of Antarctica acquired in 1874, after the expedition of the steam corvette, “Challenger”. The first wintering on the mainland took place in 1899. South Magnetic Pole was reached on Jan. 16, 1909, and the geographic South Pole - 14 December 1911.
In 1928-1947 the American expedition made the aerial photographs of Antarctica. Started on the establishment of research stations of different countries, since 1955, began a concerted international research. The first Soviet probe - “Peace” - began work on Feb. 13, 1956.
References
International organizations
Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
The text of the Antarctic Treaty, in English, French, Russian and Spanish
The Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Committee of National Antarctic Programs 29 states, including Russia
International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators
[edit] Research organizations
Russia Antarctic Expedition (current information about the Russian polar stations and programs)
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russia State Museum of Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute of Scott - a branch of Cambridge University, the oldest research center in the world, dealing with the Arctic and Antarctic
Antarctic Australian government department
Collection of useful links on Antarctic research centers
antarcticconnection.com / - information on current events in Antarctica and the weather
A collection of links to Antarctic programs of the participating countries SCAR
antarctic-circle.org /