Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises Sea Cruises
Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises
Sea Cruises
Company Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises offer the best ocean Vermuda cruise
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Greenland
Greenland
(Grønland, literally - green country), an island in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans to the northeast from North America. G. - the largest island in the world, part of the territory of Denmark. The area of 2176 km2. The population of 47 thousand people. (1970).
Nature. Geological structure and mineral resources. G. lies almost entirely in the north-eastern part of the Canadian Shield, only on V & S. Development Zone Caledonian folding. Rocks composing the board, represented by gneisses, quartzites, marbles and granites of Archaean and Proterozoic age, and unconformably overlain by volcano-sedimentary strata of genetically sredneproterozoyskogo age. Eastern Zone of Caledonides separated from the shield of deep faults. Areas of the Caledonian geosyncline made terrigenous and carbonate strata of Late Proterozoic and Cambrian carbonate rocks and the Ordovician, the Silurian crumpled into folds. In the Devonian in the intermountain depressions by the accumulation of continental rocks. Since the end of the Paleozoic platform undergoes development. In the Mesozoic rocks were deposited peschanoglinistye. In the Cenozoic, G. rose, there were splits, which is associated outpouring of basalt.
Mineral resources are confined to rocks of the Archaean-Proterozoic-age (cryolite in the south of G, lead, marble - in the western G.) associated with the Mesozoic deposits of brown coal. In the eastern zone of Caledonides discovered lead-zinc deposit and uranium ores.
KA Klitin.
Glaciation and topography. In Anthropogen time began glaciation, concealed beneath the ice most G.; glaciers covered 1834 thousand km 2 (incl. 1,726 km2 ice sheet occupying the entire inner part of some coastal areas). The surface ice sheet rises gradually from the coast into the island. The highest part of the shield has the shape of a shallow arch, stretching from the C. Yu, and divided by 66 ° -67 ° 30 ‘. sh. cross-cut of two large domes. Sev. the dome reaches a height of 3300 m (under 71 °. sh. and 39 ° W long.), the South - 2730 m (under 64 °. sh. and 44 ° W long.). Glacier Lodge has a concave shape. At the western edge of its surface lies at an altitude of 600 m at the eastern and southern area of the dome - 1000 m, in the center of the island - 0-100 m (in places below sea level). The average ice thickness of 2300 m, maximum - 3400 m. The volume of ice 2,6 million km2. The surface is covered with a layer of snow, perevevaemogo wind, forming weak hillocks (drifts). Below the level of 1800-2000 m it is slightly dissected by water currents that arise in the summer when melting snow and ice, and at the edges (at an altitude of 1000-1500 m) is broken cracked up to 30-40 m depth firn limit lies on a glacier at an altitude of 1200-1500 m. The upper layers of ice moved from the center to the western and eastern edges of the glacier at an average speed of about 150 m per year. Near the edges of the rate increases in some areas in the motion comes to the whole thickness of the ice and formed outlet glaciers - narrow, elongated appendages of the shield, which the valleys reach the ocean. Outlet glaciers are moving at a speed of 20-40 meters per day and give rise to icebergs (up to 100-135 m above sea level), which are made in the North Atlantic and pose a great danger to navigation. On the northern side of the ice sheet is almost motionless.
The eastern coast is washed by the cold East Greenland Current and almost throughout the year blocked by drift ice brought in from the central part of the Arctic Ocean. More accessible from the sea south-west coast bordering the warm waters of the West Greenland Current. Almost constantly blocked by ice north coast of the island. Coast dissected by deep and long fjords that extend to the edges of the icecap. The total length of coastline reaches 39 thousand km.
Lots bare stretch of land ice in the form of a continuous strip along the coast of the island, reaching 200-250 km wide in places. The most significant area they occupy on YU.-Z. and S. of the island and represent the plateau height of 400-600 meters, interspersed with mountain ranges up to 1700-2000 m. The eastern coast of forms covered by mountain glaciers, mountain ranges, one of which - the ridge Watkins - is the highest peak and the entire Arctic G. - PM Gunbern, 3700 m. Z. ancient crystalline shield reaches the surface, forming a broad but discontinuous belt areas and uplands coast Baffin Bay.
The climate is maritime coasts, sub-arctic (to Yu from 68 ° C. Sh.) And the Arctic and in the field of ice sheet - the continental Arctic. The island often cross cyclones, accompanied by strong winds, sudden changes in temperature and precipitation. For the region of the ice sheet is characterized by negative values of the annual radiation balance. Cooling air above the glacier causes the formation of anticyclones. Average temperature in January on the coast of - 7 ° C for Yu to -36 ° C in AS, and July from 10 ° C for Yu to 3 ° C in the northwest In the center, the average temperature in February - 47 ° C (-70 ° absolute minimum of C), July -12 ° C. Annual precipitation in Yu - 800-1100 mm, S. - 150-250 mm, on a glacier - 300-400 mm (almost exclusively - in the form of snow). In the thick ice sheet until the bed temperature below -10 ° C. Consumption of ice in the marginal part of the shield, caused by summer melting and separation of icebergs, is not compensated by the accumulation of ice inside the glacier, G., and slowly declining.
Vegetation in G. confined to areas free of ice. In the extreme Yu occur birch Krummholz, thickets of mountain ash, alder, willow and juniper, and grass-sedge and motley grass meadows. On the coast to 80 °. sh. dominated tundra at the Y. - shrubs (dwarf birch, blueberries, crowberry, etc.), S. - moss-lichen, on the northern coast - a sparse vegetation of the arctic desert.
Fauna. On the shores inhabited by caribou, musk musk ox (S.), polar bear, arctic fox, polar wolf, lemming, in coastal waters - the bowhead whale, harp seal, walrus, and others (total 30 species of mammals). Of the birds, especially common eiders, gulls and ptarmigan. Of the commercially important fish are cod, halibut, capelin, salmon and shark. Fishing for shrimp.
GM Ignatiev.
The population is 47 thousand people. (1970), in 1. h. Greenlanders (Eskimos), about 90%. This number does not include staff of U.S. military bases (up to 2-4 thousand people.). After the 2 nd World War as a result of a reduction in mortality (up to 8 per 1000 inhabitants) and a sharp increase in fertility (up to 50 per 1000 inhabitants) has experienced rapid population growth (in 1945, he lived 21 thousand people).. Over 9 / 10 the population is concentrated in the south-west coast G, where the largest settlements (cities): Godthab (administrative center, 5 thousand inhabitants), Yulianehob, Holsteynsborg, Sukkertoppen.
Background. For the first time the island was discovered by an Icelandic sailor Gunbernom about 875 (the bank did not go). In 982 Norwegian-born Eirik Icelander Kristjan Raud (Red) has made the first survey the island and named it G. In 983 the southern H. Norman were based (Iceland) colonies that lasted until 15 century. In 11. population of G, including the radical - Eskimos to adopt Christianity (in 1126 he established the first in the diocese). From 1262 until the beginning of 18 century. G. actually belonged to Norway. In 1721 began the colonization of the island of Denmark. In 1744, Denmark has established a state monopoly (existed prior to 1950) on trade with H. In 1814, upon the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1380, left Denmark and until 1953 was its colony in 1953, was declared part of the territory of the Danish kingdom. In April 1940, after the occupation of Denmark’s Nazi Germany, the U.S. government announced the extension to G. Monroe. April 9, 1941 Denmark’s envoy in Washington has signed with the U.S. government so-called. defense agreement G. (ratified by the Danish Riksdag May 16, 1945). U.S. begun to establish military bases in the H.. After the entry of Denmark in NATO (April 4, 1949) between the Danish and American Governments April 27, 1951 signed a new agreement under which Denmark and the USA have undertaken a joint defense of the island. In 1971 the U.S. had in G. 2 military bases and other military facilities.
P. Vasiliev.
Investigations were started in 17. and were originally British, and after the colonization of the island - the Danes and Norwegians. Long journey into the depths by the first Swede made Nordenskjold A. (1683). In 1886 the southern part of the island Norwegians crossed the Nansen and O. Sverdrup. In subsequent years, the glacier crossed R. Peary expedition (1892-95), K. Rasmussen (1912-13), A. Curwen (1912), J. Koch (1913) and Wegener (1906-08, 1912-13, 1929-30) and others from the post-war studies the most valuable material gave the French expedition P. Victor (1949-1951) and the British expedition Simpson (1952-54). In recent years, almost continuous research, including stationary observations on an ice shield, scientists are U.S., UK, and in 1968-1969 worked for the expedition of the USSR.
GM Ignatiev.
Facilities. Economic life is focused on a narrow, free from the continental ice of the coastal strip, which occupies about 15% of the total G., mainly YU.-Z. Island. During the colonial period, trade with the indigenous population, administering the mammal hunting (prey of seals and whales), and hunting, was monopolized by the public Danish company. In 1920 the 30-ies., After warming and the approach to the shores of G. cod, the main occupation of the population was fishing. After the 50-ies. increased investment in the economy. Effective economic development program, in 1966-75, providing for investment of $ 4 billion Danish kroner. Over 1 / 2 of the economically active population is engaged in fishing and fish industry. The fish catch - 25-30 thousand tons per year, mainly cod, which is exported in dried and salted. There are several fish-canning factory, shipyards, repair and construction of small fishing vessels, net-making and knitting mills. Are developed meat-wool sheep (sheep 24 thousand in 1969/70) and deer (around 4 thousand deer). Extracted cryolite.