Company Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises offer the best ocean Vermuda cruise
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    On our site you will find the most complete information on the direction of the cruise tours, river cruises from , cruises 2010 cruises 2010. This is a direct price on cruises themselves program description ships, news photo gallery ...

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        Cruises is a unique chance to visit every continent of the globe and our company offers the widest range of travel: a sea cruise from St. Petersburg, Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, Norwegian fjords around Europe, cruises to the Caribbean islands, sea cruises to the South Asia, Australia and New Zealand, South and North America, Alaska, Hawaii, French Polynesia, etc.

        If your life planned special occasion: birthday, wedding, or something romantic, you will be able to realize their dreams and wishes come true your companions in a unique setting, if the cruise. Going on a cruise, you get an excellent opportunity to visit new places and become even closer to each other. Sea cruise - Cruise Tour gives you the slightest possibility bored. Change of cities, the cycle of colors, events and new impressions will be beautiful scenery to your feelings. After the cruises, as after a good wine is an excellent finish, which is impossible to forget and want to experience again and again.

        The most popular now enjoy river cruises in Russia. For St. Petersburg the most relevant routes are river cruises from St. Petersburg on about. Valaam, Kizhi, Mandrogi, Svirstroy, Sortavala Konevets, Petrozavodsk and other gems of the North-West programs Cruise 2010. For your attention all the options - from one-day cruise to Valaam, six days before Moscow to 2-week cruises to Kazan, Ples, Nizhny Novgorod and back.

        You want them to take a trip along the Volga offers a wide choice of cruises: from the short (3-4 day): “Moscow - Tver - Moscow, Moscow - Uglich - Moscow - to the very long (21-22 days): Moscow - Astrakhan - Moscow. ” You can climb the tributary of the Volga Kama to Perm or White River to Ufa (from Moscow and back - 16 days). About the same time it will take a trip from the capital to Rostov-on-Don, which includes the path through the Volga-Don canal, Don exit to the Azov Sea.

      Luxury ships and exciting excursions will help you to unforgettably spend your free time in the beautiful river cruise.

We offer a wide range of cruises:

• Boat cruises around the world (sea cruises from St. Petersburg)

• River Cruises in Russia (River Cruise from St. Petersburg)

• Cruises on European rivers

• Cruises on ferries

• Rental of yachts and ships

        Our experienced managers in “cruise tour” will help you choose the best option based on the desired region for you swimming, your budget and length of stay. And also help with visas for your cruise will be able to book airline tickets, rail tickets, excursions anywhere in the world, hotels before and after a cruise and many other services.

        In our catalog: “useful information” you can find detailed information on how to book a cruise, what is its specificity, what documents are needed for reservations, read reviews, and experienced cruiser, and those who went on a cruise for the first time, and much more.

        Call us! E-mail? We will be happy to answer your questions and help in choosing a cruise!

Company Radisson cruises and company Sarnival cruises offer the best ocean Vermuda cruise
find out the exact price and buy cruise-tour you can on advertising Ads by Google, which is located at the top and bottom of the page.

    On our site you will find the most complete information on the direction of the cruise tours, river cruises from St. Petersburg, cruises 2010 cruises 2010. This is a direct price on cruises themselves program description ships, news photo gallery ...

        We offer a wide selection of cruise lines: from low-cost, cost 3 - 4 *, such as company Thomson Cruises, Pullmantur, Kristina Cruises; company standard class 4-5 *- such as Norwegian Cruise Lines, Carnival Cruises, MSC Crociere, Royal Caribbean International , Hurtigruten, cruises premium cruise lines such as Princess Cruises, Oceania Cruises, Holland America Line cruise companies to luxury 5 - 6 *,, Regent Seven Seas, Crystal Cruises, and SilverSea, Azamara Cruises, as well as cruises on mega- yachts and sailing ships, such as Star Clippers, Sea Dream Yacht Club performing cruises around the world.

        Cruises is a unique chance to visit every continent of the globe and our company offers the widest range of travel: a sea cruise from St. Petersburg, Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, Norwegian fjords around Europe, cruises to the Caribbean islands, sea cruises to the South Asia, Australia and New Zealand, South and North America, Alaska, Hawaii, French Polynesia, etc.

        If your life planned special occasion: birthday, wedding, or something romantic, you will be able to realize their dreams and wishes come true your companions in a unique setting, if the cruise. Going on a cruise, you get an excellent opportunity to visit new places and become even closer to each other. Sea cruise - Cruise Tour gives you the slightest possibility bored. Change of cities, the cycle of colors, events and new impressions will be beautiful scenery to your feelings. After the cruises, as after a good wine is an excellent finish, which is impossible to forget and want to experience again and again.

        The most popular now enjoy river cruises in Russia. For St. Petersburg the most relevant routes are river cruises from St. Petersburg on about. Valaam, Kizhi, Mandrogi, Svirstroy, Sortavala Konevets, Petrozavodsk and other gems of the North-West programs Cruise 2010. For your attention all the options - from one-day cruise to Valaam, six days before Moscow to 2-week cruises to Kazan, Ples, Nizhny Novgorod and back.

        You want them to take a trip along the Volga offers a wide choice of cruises: from the short (3-4 day): “Moscow - Tver - Moscow, Moscow - Uglich - Moscow - to the very long (21-22 days): Moscow - Astrakhan - Moscow. ” You can climb the tributary of the Volga Kama to Perm or White River to Ufa (from Moscow and back - 16 days). About the same time it will take a trip from the capital to Rostov-on-Don, which includes the path through the Volga-Don canal, Don exit to the Azov Sea.

      Luxury ships and exciting excursions will help you to unforgettably spend your free time in the beautiful river cruise.

We offer a wide range of cruises:

• Boat cruises around the world (sea cruises from St. Petersburg)

• River Cruises in Russia (River Cruise from St. Petersburg)

• Cruises on European rivers

• Cruises on ferries

• Rental of yachts and ships

        Our experienced managers in “cruise tour” will help you choose the best option based on the desired region for you swimming, your budget and length of stay. And also help with visas for your cruise will be able to book airline tickets, rail tickets, excursions anywhere in the world, hotels before and after a cruise and many other services.

        In our catalog: “useful information” you can find detailed information on how to book a cruise, what is its specificity, what documents are needed for reservations, read reviews, and experienced cruiser, and those who went on a cruise for the first time, and much more.

        Call us! E-mail? We will be happy to answer your questions and help in choosing a cruise!

Nature. Geological structure and mineral resources. G. lies almost entirely in the north-eastern part of the Canadian Shield, only on V & S. Development Zone Caledonian folding. Rocks composing the board, represented by gneisses, quartzites, marbles and granites of Archaean and Proterozoic age, and unconformably overlain by volcano-sedimentary strata of genetically sredneproterozoyskogo age. Eastern Zone of Caledonides separated from the shield of deep faults. Areas of the Caledonian geosyncline made terrigenous and carbonate strata of Late Proterozoic and Cambrian carbonate rocks and the Ordovician, the Silurian crumpled into folds. In the Devonian in the intermountain depressions by the accumulation of continental rocks. Since the end of the Paleozoic platform undergoes development. In the Mesozoic rocks were deposited peschanoglinistye. In the Cenozoic, G. rose, there were splits, which is associated outpouring of basalt.

Mineral resources are confined to rocks of the Archaean-Proterozoic-age (cryolite in the south of G, lead, marble - in the western G.) associated with the Mesozoic deposits of brown coal. In the eastern zone of Caledonides discovered lead-zinc deposit and uranium ores.

KA Klitin.

Glaciation and topography. In Anthropogen time began glaciation, concealed beneath the ice most G.; glaciers covered 1834 thousand km 2 (incl. 1,726 km2 ice sheet occupying the entire inner part of some coastal areas). The surface ice sheet rises gradually from the coast into the island. The highest part of the shield has the shape of a shallow arch, stretching from the C. Yu, and divided by 66 ° -67 ° 30 ‘. sh. cross-cut of two large domes. Sev. the dome reaches a height of 3300 m (under 71 °. sh. and 39 ° W long.), the South - 2730 m (under 64 °. sh. and 44 ° W long.). Glacier Lodge has a concave shape. At the western edge of its surface lies at an altitude of 600 m at the eastern and southern area of the dome - 1000 m, in the center of the island - 0-100 m (in places below sea level). The average ice thickness of 2300 m, maximum - 3400 m. The volume of ice 2,6 million km2. The surface is covered with a layer of snow, perevevaemogo wind, forming weak hillocks (drifts). Below the level of 1800-2000 m it is slightly dissected by water currents that arise in the summer when melting snow and ice, and at the edges (at an altitude of 1000-1500 m) is broken cracked up to 30-40 m depth firn limit lies on a glacier at an altitude of 1200-1500 m. The upper layers of ice moved from the center to the western and eastern edges of the glacier at an average speed of about 150 m per year. Near the edges of the rate increases in some areas in the motion comes to the whole thickness of the ice and formed outlet glaciers - narrow, elongated appendages of the shield, which the valleys reach the ocean. Outlet glaciers are moving at a speed of 20-40 meters per day and give rise to icebergs (up to 100-135 m above sea level), which are made in the North Atlantic and pose a great danger to navigation. On the northern side of the ice sheet is almost motionless.

The eastern coast is washed by the cold East Greenland Current and almost throughout the year blocked by drift ice brought in from the central part of the Arctic Ocean. More accessible from the sea south-west coast bordering the warm waters of the West Greenland Current. Almost constantly blocked by ice north coast of the island. Coast dissected by deep and long fjords that extend to the edges of the icecap. The total length of coastline reaches 39 thousand km.

Lots bare stretch of land ice in the form of a continuous strip along the coast of the island, reaching 200-250 km wide in places. The most significant area they occupy on YU.-Z. and S. of the island and represent the plateau height of 400-600 meters, interspersed with mountain ranges up to 1700-2000 m. The eastern coast of forms covered by mountain glaciers, mountain ranges, one of which - the ridge Watkins - is the highest peak and the entire Arctic G. - PM Gunbern, 3700 m. Z. ancient crystalline shield reaches the surface, forming a broad but discontinuous belt areas and uplands coast Baffin Bay.

The climate is maritime coasts, sub-arctic (to Yu from 68 ° C. Sh.) And the Arctic and in the field of ice sheet - the continental Arctic. The island often cross cyclones, accompanied by strong winds, sudden changes in temperature and precipitation. For the region of the ice sheet is characterized by negative values of the annual radiation balance. Cooling air above the glacier causes the formation of anticyclones. Average temperature in January on the coast of - 7 ° C for Yu to -36 ° C in AS, and July from 10 ° C for Yu to 3 ° C in the northwest In the center, the average temperature in February - 47 ° C (-70 ° absolute minimum of C), July -12 ° C. Annual precipitation in Yu - 800-1100 mm, S. - 150-250 mm, on a glacier - 300-400 mm (almost exclusively - in the form of snow). In the thick ice sheet until the bed temperature below -10 ° C. Consumption of ice in the marginal part of the shield, caused by summer melting and separation of icebergs, is not compensated by the accumulation of ice inside the glacier, G., and slowly declining.

Vegetation in G. confined to areas free of ice. In the extreme Yu occur birch Krummholz, thickets of mountain ash, alder, willow and juniper, and grass-sedge and motley grass meadows. On the coast to 80 °. sh. dominated tundra at the Y. - shrubs (dwarf birch, blueberries, crowberry, etc.), S. - moss-lichen, on the northern coast - a sparse vegetation of the arctic desert.

Fauna. On the shores inhabited by caribou, musk musk ox (S.), polar bear, arctic fox, polar wolf, lemming, in coastal waters - the bowhead whale, harp seal, walrus, and others (total 30 species of mammals). Of the birds, especially common eiders, gulls and ptarmigan. Of the commercially important fish are cod, halibut, capelin, salmon and shark. Fishing for shrimp.

GM Ignatiev.

The population is 47 thousand people. (1970), in 1. h. Greenlanders (Eskimos), about 90%. This number does not include staff of U.S. military bases (up to 2-4 thousand people.). After the 2 nd World War as a result of a reduction in mortality (up to 8 per 1000 inhabitants) and a sharp increase in fertility (up to 50 per 1000 inhabitants) has experienced rapid population growth (in 1945, he lived 21 thousand people).. Over 9 / 10 the population is concentrated in the south-west coast G, where the largest settlements (cities): Godthab (administrative center, 5 thousand inhabitants), Yulianehob, Holsteynsborg, Sukkertoppen.

Background. For the first time the island was discovered by an Icelandic sailor Gunbernom about 875 (the bank did not go). In 982 Norwegian-born Eirik Icelander Kristjan Raud (Red) has made the first survey the island and named it G. In 983 the southern H. Norman were based (Iceland) colonies that lasted until 15 century. In 11. population of G, including the radical - Eskimos to adopt Christianity (in 1126 he established the first in the diocese). From 1262 until the beginning of 18 century. G. actually belonged to Norway. In 1721 began the colonization of the island of Denmark. In 1744, Denmark has established a state monopoly (existed prior to 1950) on trade with H. In 1814, upon the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1380, left Denmark and until 1953 was its colony in 1953, was declared part of the territory of the Danish kingdom. In April 1940, after the occupation of Denmark’s Nazi Germany, the U.S. government announced the extension to G. Monroe. April 9, 1941 Denmark’s envoy in Washington has signed with the U.S. government so-called. defense agreement G. (ratified by the Danish Riksdag May 16, 1945). U.S. begun to establish military bases in the H.. After the entry of Denmark in NATO (April 4, 1949) between the Danish and American Governments April 27, 1951 signed a new agreement under which Denmark and the USA have undertaken a joint defense of the island. In 1971 the U.S. had in G. 2 military bases and other military facilities.

P. Vasiliev.

Investigations were started in 17. and were originally British, and after the colonization of the island - the Danes and Norwegians. Long journey into the depths by the first Swede made Nordenskjold A. (1683). In 1886 the southern part of the island Norwegians crossed the Nansen and O. Sverdrup. In subsequent years, the glacier crossed R. Peary expedition (1892-95), K. Rasmussen (1912-13), A. Curwen (1912), J. Koch (1913) and Wegener (1906-08, 1912-13, 1929-30) and others from the post-war studies the most valuable material gave the French expedition P. Victor (1949-1951) and the British expedition Simpson (1952-54). In recent years, almost continuous research, including stationary observations on an ice shield, scientists are U.S., UK, and in 1968-1969 worked for the expedition of the USSR.

GM Ignatiev.

Facilities. Economic life is focused on a narrow, free from the continental ice of the coastal strip, which occupies about 15% of the total G., mainly YU.-Z. Island. During the colonial period, trade with the indigenous population, administering the mammal hunting (prey of seals and whales), and hunting, was monopolized by the public Danish company. In 1920 the 30-ies., After warming and the approach to the shores of G. cod, the main occupation of the population was fishing. After the 50-ies. increased investment in the economy. Effective economic development program, in 1966-75, providing for investment of $ 4 billion Danish kroner. Over 1 / 2 of the economically active population is engaged in fishing and fish industry. The fish catch - 25-30 thousand tons per year, mainly cod, which is exported in dried and salted. There are several fish-canning factory, shipyards, repair and construction of small fishing vessels, net-making and knitting mills. Are developed meat-wool sheep (sheep 24 thousand in 1969/70) and deer (around 4 thousand deer). Extracted cryolite.

Geography:
United States of America - the state, located in North America.  48 states that form the core territory of the United States, located in the central part of North America, which goes to the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific to the west.  US borders with Canada and Mexico.  49 th state of USA, Alaska, took the extreme north-west of North America and separates the Bering Strait from the extreme north-east Russia.  50 th state, the Hawaiian Islands, an archipelago of 24 islands, located in the central Pacific Ocean.
About half of the country occupied by mountain ranges, plains and plateaus of the Cordillera, the eastern edge of the belt of the Cordillera mountain ranges form the Rocky Mountains (4000 m).  The highest point of the country - Mount McKinley (6193 m) in Alaska.  The eastern United States are Appalachian Mountains (2037 m).  Between the Cordilleras and the Appalachians stretch vast inland plains (Central, Great) and Primeksikanskaya lowland.
On the border with Canada is the largest lake system in the world - the Great Lakes.  The main rivers of the United States - the Mississippi and its tributaries, Missouri and Ohio, Colombia, Colorado, Yukon.

State system:
Form of government - federal republic.  Head of state and government - president, vice-president.  Elected for 4 years by an electoral college, elected by popular vote.  Parliament - bicameral Congress consists of the Senate and House of Representatives.
Airports in the country and time of flight: New York, Washington, Seattle, Los Angeles, Atlanta
Weather:
The climate is mostly temperate, but some regions of the country have their own weather features.  For example, in Hawaii and the Florida climate is tropical, Alaska - Arctic, in the Great Plains and west of the Mississippi - semiarid in the Great Basin (southwest) - dry.  In the north-western US winter temperature is rather low, but in January-February, it is softened by warm, dry winds from the Rocky Mountains.  In the central part of the USA has a continental climate, with frequent changes in temperature.  Winter days are usually cold, often snow-storms, and summer is hot.  On the coasts of California enjoy a warm, Mediterranean climate, but on the Pacific coast summers are mild.
The average temperature in New York: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
t ° C -1 +1 +6 +11 +17 +22 +25 +24 +20 +14 +9 +3
The average temperature in Miami: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
t ° C +20 +20 +22 +24 +26 +27 +28 +28 +27 +26 +23 +20
The average temperature in Los Angeles: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
t ° C +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +19 +22 +22 +21 +19 +17 +14
The average temperature in Seattle: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
t ° C +4 +6 +7 +9 +13 +16 +18 +18 +16 +11 +7 +4
The average temperature in Anchorage: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
t ° C -10 -8 -4 +2 +8 +12 +15 +14 +9 +1 -7 -9
Language:
Official language: English
Religion:
Christians constitute the majority of the faithful of the US population, including most Catholics - 25% of the population, followed by Baptists - 19,4%, Methodist - 8%, Presbyterian - 2,8%, Pentecostal - 1.8%, Episcopal Church - 1, 7%, a large number of inhabitants belong to the Orthodox Church, among the largest non-Christian groups distinguished Jews - 2%, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus.
Currency:
International name: USD
US dollar equals 100 cents.  In circulation are banknotes of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars and coins: a penny (1 cent), nickel (5 cents), dime (10 cents), kvorter (25 cents), half-dollar ( 50 cents) and one dollar.
You’ll probably pay by credit card (VISA, Master Card, American Express, etc.), they are accepted in hotels, restaurants, shops and generally anywhere and without any restrictions.
You can exchange foreign currency only in the offices of major banks and their branches located in international airports and seaports.  For the majority of foreign exchange rate is set considerably lower than in the international currency exchange.
Do I need a visa to travel: Yes
Visa:
Really get a visa to the United States may be persons who provide documentation sufficient to prove the absence of immigration intentions: an income statement, the documents proving the availability of real estate, numerous travels abroad earlier in developed countries, etc.
Received a visa does not guarantee entry into the United States.  Must be a personal presence in almost all the candidates in the consulate.
List of required documents for visa in the US:
- Passport with an expiry date not less than 6 months after the alleged return of the country (if any, prior to the visa or a photocopy).
- 2 questionnaires filled out personally printed letters signed by the candidate for a visa.
- 2 photos 5x5.
- Information on income from employment.
- Photocopy of certificate of marriage and the birth of children.
- Photocopies of documents on the ownership of property.
- For students - a certificate from the place of study.
- For the unemployed need to provide other documents certifying the solvency of the person - credit cards, bank statements, etc.
- Formally, the invitation is not necessary.

Customs restrictions:
When entering the country each arriving to fill in at a checkpoint in the customs declaration.  All items listed in the declaration must be marked on their price.  This requirement applies to gifts, commercial samples, but does not apply to personal belongings.
Everyone entering the US citizen of another state has a non-resident status.  Non-resident over 21 years has the right to import no more than 1 liter of alcoholic beverages (this includes beer, wine, liquor).  Drinks over a specified norms taxed.  In the United States to non-residents are allowed to import no more than 200 cigarettes (one pack), 50 cigarettes, or 2 kg of smoking tobacco.  As a household in the United States are allowed to import duty-free furniture, dishes, linens, books, etc., but they should not be new.
In the United States prohibits the importation of drugs, dangerous drugs, candy with liquor, lottery tickets, homemade preserves, smoked and cured meats.
Representation in Russia:
Embassy
Address: Moscow, Novinsky Boulevard, d.  19/23
Phone: 728-5588, 728-5599
http://www.usembassy.ru
Russia’s Mission:
Consulate General
Address: Houston, Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Houston, 1333 West Loop South, Ste.1300, Houston, TX 77027
Phone: (713) 337-3300 ext.  309
Fax: (713) 337-3305
http://www.rusconshouston.org
Consulate General
Address: San Francisco, Consulate General of the Russian Federation in San-Francisco, 2790 Green Street, San Francisco, CA., 94123, USA
Phone: (8-10-1415) 928-6878
fax: (8-10-1415) 929-0306
http://www.consulrussia.org
Consulate General
Address: Seattle, Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Seattle, 2323 Westin Building, 2001 6th Avenue, Seattle, WA., 98121, USA
Phone: (8-10-1206) 728-1910, 861-4900
fax: (8-10-1206) 728-1871
http://www.netconsul.org
Consular Section
Address: Washington, Consular Division, Embassy of the Russian Federation, 2641, TUNLAW RD., NW, WASHINGTOND.C., 20007, USA
Phone: (8-10-1202) 939-8907, 939-8913, 939-8918
fax: (8-10-1202) 939-8919
Consulate General
Address: San Francisco, Consulate General of the Russian Federation in New York, 9 East 91 Street, New York, NY, 10128, USA
Phone: (8-10-1212) 348-0926, 939-8913, 348-0955
fax: (8-10-1212) 831-9162

Importation of animals:
Import of poultry and domestic animals is possible only if a veterinary certificate of international standard and the dates of vaccination against rabies and the seal of the veterinary control at the exit from the country of origin.
Line voltage: 127V
Tips:
Tipping is not included automatically in the account.  In restaurants, bars, taxis, casinos need to focus on the 10-15% tip.  In New York, this amount can reach 20%.

Shopping:
All American stores specified price without taxes, ie, the fact 5-10% lower than the amount to be paid.  Size of taxes that would be required to pay the cost of goods depends on the laws of a particular state or even city.
Tax on sale in the US is depending on the state and city, from 2,9% to 9%, but its size also depends on the type of product (for food and clothing tax varies).  From all accounts of restaurants and hotels also collected a variety of additional taxes, for example - the daily tax on the number or the so-called resort fee, tax.
Systems tax free as such, there is no, only in Louisiana, there are several duty-free shops.
Office hours:

Schedule individual banks, but in the whole country, they usually work on weekdays, from 9 to 15-17 hours in one day a week, usually on Fridays, banks remain open until 18h.  Some offices are only open on Saturday, but only in the first half of the day.
Shops are usually open from Monday to Friday, from 9.30 to 17.30, but the official closing time of shops do not exist.  Shopping centers and department stores are open Monday to Saturday from 9.30 am to 21.30 (some - day and night) on Sundays - from 12 to 17 hours Small private shops operate on the individual schedule, which always points to the sign or on the front door.
Country Code: +1
Geographic domain name is the first level:.  Us
Emergency numbers:
One rescue service (fire, police and ambulance) - 911.

Territory: 1100 square meters. km
Capital: Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
Time: Moscow: +5 hours.

Geography:

Hong Kong (Hong Kong) - Special Administrative Region of China. Hong Kong is located on Koulunskom Peninsula, west, south and east by the South China Sea, as well as more than 260 islands. In the north of Hong Kong is bordered by a special economic zone of Shenzhen in the Chinese province of Guangdong.

Hong Kong can be divided into three parts: the actual Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories.

Government:

From 1 July 1997 Hong Kong gained the status of Special Administrative Region of China, but enjoys a high degree of autonomy and retained their political, social and economic system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative - parliament.

Airports in the country and the flight: Hong Kong (Hong Kong)

Weather:

Climate Hong Kong’s subtropical monsoon. Cool and dry winter lasts from December to March. Spring and summer in Hong Kong, hot, humid and rainy, autumn - warm, sunny and dry. Such a different climate in different seasons due to different wind direction, characteristic for each season. In summer and early autumn can pass through Hong Kong tropical cyclones (typhoons).

Language:
Official language: Chinese

It is widely used English language.

Currency:
International name: HKD

Hong Kong dollar is equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 HK $ four different samples, as well as coins in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 cents.

There are no currency restrictions in Hong Kong do not exist, freely sold and purchased, any currency, although the purchase of the Hong Kong dollar could get a number of advantages in price and discounts.

You can exchange money at exchange offices in banks (usually the most profitable course), the airport, major stores and at most hotels. Everywhere accept credit cards and traveler’s checks, ATM network is very extensive.

Do I need a visa to enter: No

Visa:

Russian citizens to visit Hong Kong for a period not exceeding 14 days, a visa is not required. The purpose of travel must be tourism, transit, visit friends or relatives, a short business visit, non profit-making in Hong Kong.

At passport control, must submit the following documents:
- Passport, the validity of not less than one month after the end of the trip;
- Return tickets or tickets from a third country;
- Proof of sufficient funds to stay in the country (cash, bank cards, travelers checks, etc.).

Customs Regulations:

Import of foreign currency is not limited (declaration required). Import free of duty up to 1 liter. alcoholic beverages, perfumes - not more than 60 ml. and toilet water not exceeding 250 ml. (Packed), tobacco products - not more than 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 grams. tobacco.

The import of weapons (including electroshock and gas cartridges), pornography, counterfeiting, drugs and poisons. Some medicines, antibiotics, flammable and explosive substances and articles imported only upon the approval of local authorities. In the entry declaration must be indicated valuable items (photos and video equipment, jewelry, etc.) when leaving declaration shall be presented again. The export of precious objects and works of art without a receipt the store confirming the legality of purchase.

Representative offices in Russia:

Embassy
Address: Moscow, Office of the Embassy: Str. Friendship, 6
phone: 938-20-06
fax: 938-21-82
http://www.chinaembassy.ru
Office of the Embassy

Russian Mission:

Consulate-general
Address: Hong Kong, 2106, 21/Fl., Sun Hung Kai Centre, 30 Harbour Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong
Phone: (8-10-852) 28-77-7188, 28-77-5024
fax: (8-10-852) 28-77-7166

Importation of animals:

Importation of animals (even in the case of transit) is permitted only if the relevant documents (valid for 90 days) from the local border veterinary control, as well as veterinary certificate issued by the relevant veterinary service of Russia not earlier than 4 days prior to departure.

Voltage: 220V

Tips:

Tipping is not officially accepted, but it is recommended to leave them at an average of 5-10% of the cost of services. Hotel clerk agreed to leave for 10-20 HK $, the taxi charge is not mandatory, it is easier to round up to a whole dollar amount.

Office hours:

Most banks are open from Monday to Friday from 9.00 to 16.00-17.00 with lunch break from 13.00 to 14.00 and on Saturdays from 9.00 to 12.30-13.00.

Most shops are open from 10.00 to 20.00, the large trading houses often continue to work until 21.00-22.00. Many shops open at weekends.

Photo and video:

Photographing in churches and museums, or forbidden, or for that charge an additional fee. For the use of video cameras is much higher fee, or never be allowed to withdraw. Photograph strategic locations (airport, railway stations, dams, bridges, etc.) is prohibited.

National characteristics. Traditions:

From 1 July 2009 in Hong Kong bans smoking in public places, including restaurants, bars and even public toilets. In addition, tightened restrictions on smoking in the streets - on the island already exist whole “areas without tobacco”.

Safety:

In Hong Kong, you should always carry an identity card (passport, driver’s license, etc.) - Immigration authorities are often satisfied with checks for the detention of illegal workers and immigrants with expired visas.

Country code: +852

The geographic top level domain name:. Hk

Emergency phone:

Police, ambulance, fire and emergency services - 999.

North Korea was founded Sept. 9, 1948 in the Soviet zone of occupation, as the people’s democratic state, after the proclamation of the Republic of Korea on Aug. 15, 1948. The official ideology of the state are the Juche idea, which its creators - Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il is defined as “a philosophical ideology, the focus of attention that makes the individual” [2]. The power belongs to the Workers’ Party of Korea headed by the great leader (the official title of [3]), Kim Jong Il.

Geography of North Korea
Main article: Geography of North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic is located in eastern Asia, in the northern part of the Korean peninsula. It has land borders with three countries: China on the Yalu River, Russia along the Tumen River and South Korea. On the west by the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay and the east - the Sea of Japan.

The area of North Korea: 120 540 km ² (land area 120 410 km ², water: 130 km ²). Government of the DPRK territorial waters of the country declared a water area adjacent to the coast within the 12-mile (22.224 km).

The terrain consists mostly mountainous, dissected by numerous valleys and ravines. Coastal plain areas are relatively large only in the western part of the country. The DPRK has a lot of reserves, national parks, mountains and forests, clean rivers, waterfalls and high mountains.

Natural resources extracted in the country include: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, lead, magnesium, iron, copper, gold, pyrite, salt, fluorspar, etc.

North Korea has a monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. Winter is relatively dry and cold (average January temperature in Pyongyang -3 ° C during the day and -13 ° C at night), but the summers are hot and humid (average temperature of the August in Pyongyang from 29 ° C day and 20 ° C at night).

See also the Korean peninsula.

Subdivisions
Main article: Subdivisions of North Korea
As of the 2004 North Korea was divided into 9 provinces (ie, cor. 도, 道), 2 cities with direct subordination (chikhalsi, 직할시, 直辖市) and 3 special administrative region. Capital - Pyongyang.

Large cities North Korea except Pyongyang: [4]

The population of North Korea, tys.chel.Osnovnaya article: Demographics of North Korea
Koreans - a homogeneous nation. Although the DPRK has no large ethnic communities, there are quite a large Chinese (about 50 000 people) and a small Japanese (about 1800 people) minority.

Population: 23 113 019 (2006 estimate).
Life expectancy: Total population - 71.65 years (male - 68.92 years, female - 74.51 years (2006 est.))
Total fertility rate: 2.1 births per woman (2006 est.)
Languages: Korean, Literacy - 99%.

History of North Korea
The American bombing Vonsana.Osnovnaya article: History of DPRK
Until 1945, Korea was the colonial possession of Japan. After the Second World War the territory of Korea north of 38 parallel was occupied by the Soviet Union, and the south - the United States. USA and the USSR failed to agree on reunification, which led to the formation in 1948 of two different governments, Northern (pro-Soviet) and southern (pro-American), each of which claimed the control of the whole of Korea.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) was established September 9, 1948, in response to education in the south of the Korean peninsula of Korea. Political power was monopolized by the WPK since the first years of the DPRK. The farm was established planned economy, approximately in 1949, virtually the entire industry, domestic and foreign trade was under state control.

In 1950, the contradiction between the two Koreas have led to the beginning of the Korean War. June 25, 1950 DPRK troops crossed the border with the Republic of Korea and invaded its territory. In a war that lasted for three years, killing about 2.5 million Koreans were destroyed more than 80% of industrial and transport infrastructure of both states. On the side of South Korea in the war involved U.S., UK and a number of countries (under the UN flag), on the side of North Korea - China (military aid has also provided the USSR [5]). The Korean War ended with the conclusion of an armistice in 1953.

As a result of the industrialization of the country’s population quickly recovered from the effects of war. The life in North Korea in the postwar years has grown faster than South Korea, despite the lag in the production of consumer goods.

Politically, the situation of North Korea have deteriorated due to the gap between China and the USSR, which began in 1960.

In the 70 years of economic growth the state had stopped, and even there has been a setback because of high oil prices after the oil crisis of 1974, the imbalance in the economy towards heavy industry and high costs of the army. Reduce military spending by North Korea could not, moreover, after Kim Il Sung that the two Koreas reunite during his lifetime, the cost of the army only grew. In 1980, the economy of North Korea defaulted, and the end of 80-ies, industrial output declined.

Kim Il Sung died in 1994, and was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong Il. During his reign, the country’s economy continued to stagnate and remain isolated.

In July 2002 it was announced the beginning of reforms. Its currency was devalued, and prices for agricultural products released in the hope to stimulate the agricultural market of the country. A collective farm in the village it was decided to replace the management built on family principles. The result has been an increase in foreign investment: only China has invested 200 million dollars to the economy in 2004.

In 2007, after the visit of President of South Korea to the DPRK, North and South Korea jointly appealed to the UN to promote the unification of Korea.

State Structure
The current Constitution of the DPRK [6] adopted December 27, 1972, it amended April 9, 1992 and September 5, 1998 [7]. Article 1 of the Constitution defines the DPRK as a sovereign socialist state representing the interests of the entire Korean people. Under the Constitution of the DPRK, the power in the country belongs to the workers, peasants, working intellectuals and all other working people.

[Edit] Supreme People’s Assembly (parliament)
Supreme People’s Assembly consists of 687 deputies elected by universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot at 5 years (non-alternative elections, officially announced that the government candidates supported 100,0% of voters) [8].

Suffrage 17 years.

Elections to the Supreme People’s Assembly XII convocation held March 8, 2009.

Political parties
Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK) was established in October 1945. North Korea’s ruling party, its leadership is fixed in the Constitution.

Social Democratic Party of Korea, established in November 1945. Recognizes the leadership of the WPK, part of the Front.

Party Cheondoism-Chongu (“Party of the Young Friends of Religion of the Heavenly Way”), founded in 1946. Recognizes the leadership of the WPK, part of the Front.

United Democratic Patriotic Front (the Front), founded in 1949. Steering force the Front - WPK.

Executive
Government - Cabinet (Negak), whose members, except for Minister of People’s Army, appointed by the Supreme People’s Assembly. Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers - Kim Yong Il (since 2007)

State Defense Committee
The supreme body of military power. After the death of Kim Il Sung, chairman of T-Bills from 1993 - Kim Jong Il became the de facto leader of the country.

Judiciary
Central Court, members of the Court are elected by the Supreme People’s Assembly.

The political situation after the death of Kim Il Sung
The image of the Korean Peninsula at night, created using satellite imagery [9] [10] The death of Kim Il Sung in 1994 coincided with a lot of serious problems in the country due to high costs for the army (including the development of a nuclear program), the collapse of the socialist camp and the gap traditional economic ties.

Despite the need to solve these problems, it took three years after the death of his father, before Kim Jong Il took over his post.

In the end, Kim Jong Il did not get the presidency of the DPRK. Instead, he became chairman of the State Defence Committee (GKO).

In 2000, Kim Jong Il, trying to bring North Korea out of international isolation, said that the DPRK is ready to give up the creation of intercontinental missiles in exchange for helping the world community in the development of North Korea’s space - but two weeks later turned his statement into a joke. Obviously, such an initiative was at first rejected by the collective leadership of the DPRK. Later, however, a deep economic crisis had forced the North Korean leadership to return to his proposal.

The DPRK and the U.S. have already begun discussing a possible visit to Pyongyang, U.S. President Bill Clinton, but in November 2000 in the United States won the election, George Bush, who declared a crusade against the North Korean communist regime, and the dialogue was interrupted.

Several media regularly produces publications on a possible successor, Kim Jong Il. Among possible candidates are called his sons, Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong Chol (in the old letters, adopted in the former Soviet Union - Kim Jong-Cher), and Kim Jong Ung, as well as his brother in-law Chang Song Taek.

In March 2010, in LJ known koreeveda A. Lankova [11] it was proved the appointment of Kim Jong Ung (Kim Jong Yna) official heir, Kim Jong Il:

The new and, finally, a reliable confirmation that the choice of an heir made, and the campaign for his elevation is gaining momentum. The new Genius Guide named the youngest son of the current Genius Guide, Kim Jong-Eun. Across the country, meetings were held in his honor, issued and related materials, while formally closed. There are materials in print, open, but not to be distributed abroad.

In the second half of 1990 in the DPRK, according to A. Lankova, there was a “quiet death severnokoreyskogo Stalinism” [12]. Termination of assistance from the Soviet Union led to large-scale economic crisis, especially the constant shortage of food (in mid-1990’s famine has claimed the lives of several hundred thousand residents of the DPRK [13], in connection with which occurred the legalization of small-scale private enterprise, and shuttle trade with China actually lifted and many other restrictions.

In recent years, the DPRK the positions of hardliners. Slow down or were dismantled economic reform, North Korea found an excuse for refusing to participate in the six-party talks on the nuclear issue.

The official attitude toward South Korea began to change. The last decade in North Korea semi penetrate South Korean music and movies.

According to the constitution of Serbia, the territory of the Republic of Kosovo is part of the Republic of Serbia and part of it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian Autonomna покрајина Kosovo and Метохија, abbr. Serb. Kosmet), but, in fact, Kosovo, the Serbian authorities are not controlled. Part of Kosovo, populated mainly by Serbs, is not subject to the authorities in Pristina.

In an approximate translation from Serbian “Kosovo” means “land of blackbirds,” and “Metohija” - “church land” (Serbian braid translates as “blackbird”, Greek. Μετοχή - the church put on). Kosovo Albanians are divided on the “land Dukadzhina” alb. Rrafshi i Dukagjinit and “land of Kosovo” alb. Rrafshi i Kosovës, but use the name “Kosovo”, in relation to the entire territory of Kosovo and Metohija, because the double name was actively used in a section of the historic period the area between Serbia and Montenegro after the Balkan wars (Kosovo, the field has departed to Serbia, while the bulk of Metohija - in Montenegro ). [1] Serbian tradition insists on a double marking territory, since, according to Serbian historiography, the historical province of Kosovo only covers the territory of Kosovo and the surrounding fields of land and Metohija lies west to the border with Albania [2].

Status
Main article: International reaction to the proclamation of Kosovo’s independence
The question of Kosovo’s status is much debate and controversy. As a result of active hostilities, air and naval forces of NATO against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and under the pressure of diplomacy Yugoslav leadership was forced to agree to withdraw from the territory of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, military and police forces, thereby losing effective control over it. Since June 1999, Kosovo and Metohija is under UN administration and under the de facto military protectorate of NATO (KFOR) (see below).

17 February 2008 Kosovo’s parliament unilaterally declared independence from Serbia and the formation of a sovereign state the Republic of Kosovo. [3] However, according to the constitution of Serbia, the parliament does not have enough edge to separate the functions [4] [5], and therefore illegitimate declaration of independence , and Kosovo is still part of Serbia as an autonomous province of Kosovo and Metohija.

February 18, 2008, Afghanistan, Taiwan and several European countries, first countries to recognize Kosovo’s independence. The first such decision was made by France, and then acceded to by Britain and Italy. On the same day of Kosovo’s independence was recognized in the United States. At the same time against the recognition of independence was made by Spain, as well as Cyprus, Greece, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, China and Russia. [6] February 19, 2008 Bulgaria [the source is not specified for 303 days] has changed its decision and announced that the future, recognizes the sovereignty of the region. February 20, 2008, Germany also recognized the sovereignty of the region. In February 2009, the number of countries that recognize Kosovo’s independence has reached 54. [7]

From the perspective of Serbia and unrecognized Department of State, the status of Kosovo at the moment - the autonomous province of Serbia, unilaterally declared its independence recognized by some countries of an independent state and military support of NATO forces, who oppose the restoration of territorial integrity of Serbia and the establishment of constitutional order in territory of Kosovo and Metohija.

In response to the declaration of independence the Serbian parliament adopted a unanimous decision to annul the decision by the Regional Parliament of Kosovo on 18 February. [8] A similar decision was adopted by the Government of Serbia (17 February). The decision was made on the basis of violating the constitution of Serbia, as well as international law on the inviolability of territorial integrity. [The source is not specified for 303 days] Republic of Kosovo was described as “a false state on Serbian territory, and the leaders of the republic were criminal cases. Serbia recalled its ambassadors from the United States, Germany and the UK. June 28, 2008 formed the Serbian Assembly of Kosovo - the local parliament in the northern region, not controlled by Albanians. The new parliament will support Serbia and Russia, and the U.S., the EU’s power and self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo declared it illegitimate.

General
Physical and economic geography
Main article: Geography of Kosovo
Physical map KosovoTerritoriya Kosovo represents a nearly equilateral parallelogram, divided into two plains - Metohija from the west, along the river Beli Dream, east of Kosovo proper, along the river Sitnitsa current from the north-west to south-east of the hilly upland. The area is 10 887 km ², population - about 2.2 million people. Average height above sea level - about 550 meters. Climate - continental with warm summers and cold snowy winters. Most Kosovo is covered by mountains, the highest point is Mount Deravitsa (2556 m). In Kosovo rivers: the White Drin, Sitnica, South Moravia and Ibar. The largest lakes - Gazivoda, Radonich, Batlava and Badovac.

Largest cities - Pristina, with a population of about 500 thousand people and Prizren, with a population of about 120 thousand.

Health
For all the inhabitants of the province health care is free. Medical policies are absent, but the Minister of Health is preparing a reform, which is scheduled for 2008.

All major cities have hospitals edges. 6 regional medical institutions provide the basis of health in all small towns. And in all small towns have a family center.

Medical education is available only in Pristina University Clinical Center of Kosovo.

Transportation
Transport links in the main roads, railways - 333 km, serviced by Hekurudhat e Kosovës (Railways of Kosovo). There are regular bus services with Montenegro (eg, bus station Rozaje (Montenegro) to Pec, Pristina).

Economy
Reserves of lignite (brown coal) in Kosovo, compared with the world
Bill Clinton Boulevard in Pristina
“Youth Palace” Despite solid investment on the part of former Yugoslavia, Kosovo was the poorest provinces of the country. In the 90 years because of ongoing international sanctions and ethnic conflicts in the country was an economic crisis. Currently, the regional economy remains in poor condition: the majority of mines, GOKs and refineries do not work. In the decline is the main sector of the economy - agriculture, once a very well developed. In 2000-2001, GDP grew serious, but this growth has been the 2002-2004 recession, when GDP decreased. Currently, the country’s GDP growth of just over 3% annually. At the same time, more than 70% of GDP is the services sector. Inflation is low, which is supported by the highest (50%) unemployment. [9] Unemployment rates are high - two-thirds of young people are unemployed - because the sector is “gray” economy is huge. However, many work abroad and send money back home to families. Entire generations of Kosovars were working as guest workers in different parts of Europe. Today, their pensions and benefits - a significant contribution in support of Kosovo.

All products are imported edge, involving 10% duty fee at all borders, including Serbia. [10] Kosovo’s external debt is enormous. He makes $ 1.2 billion - 35% of GDP. Repaying the debt of Serbia has paid $ 218 million [11]

According to the Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies (Pristina) Shpenda Ahmeti, Kosovo imports about 1.3 billion euros (1.9 billion dollars) a year, and exports - is only 90-130 million euros. The main import and export partner is the edge of Macedonia (approximately € 220 million and € 9 million), followed by Serbia (€ 111 million and € 5 million), Germany and Turkey. [12]

In Kosovo there are large deposits of minerals: lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bauxite and magnesite. The reserves of rare minerals: indium, cadmium, germanium, thallium, and zeolite. Deposits of lignite (brown coal) are estimated at more than 15 billion tons, which gives Kosovo the opportunity to conduct their operation within 150-200 years to develop energy [13]. In Kosovo, there are also chrome-ore, but they have developed over the centuries, and their supplies almost exhausted, as well as stocks of nickel and magnesia. There are small deposits of cadmium, copper, silver and even gold. But all this occurs in very low quality. Famous Works Trepca, there are over 70 years (he of 14 mines and 8 different processing plants) in recent years has reduced generation due to lack of quality raw materials. The reserves of indigenous coal, which is estimated by Albanians, 40 billion tonnes, harvested little.

Serbian experts point to the fact that the natural resources of Kosovo has not been studied. In their view, the resource potential of the region is far from exhaustion. They believe there there are still large reserves of coal, lead, zinc, chromium, gold, silver and nickel. In the Serbian estimated deposits of ores in Kosovo are from 70 to 100 million tons of lignite - from 7 to 12 billion tons. However, with 16 mines of lead and zinc are only 2 of the many coal pits - only one (only it provides a coal thermal power plant “Obilic”) [14].

In addition, Kosovo has modern factories: Meat Processing Plant Flor-En in the Suha Reka; Shoe Factory Solid, where mass production of shoes for export and for domestic market.

The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, which is used by UNMIK (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) and the Government. Like Montenegro and Kosovo use the euro unilaterally, without signing an agreement with the European Monetary Union. Serbian dinar is used only in areas inhabited by Serbs.

In 2007, the UN budget for Kosovo was € 150 million more € 370 million Kosovo’s economy has received from the Albanians living abroad. This assistance is a major source of finance Kosovo. [15] of great importance for the regional economy has the drug trade, passing through the region. The annual turnover of drug product reaches the € 1 billion through the province is up to 80% of all drugs supplied to Europe. [16] Over the next three years, the EU plans to invest in Kosovo’s nearly 2 billion euros of investment. According to European experts - is the amount required for the speedy recovery of the regional economy. [17] Particular attention is the EU at the same time intends to combat organized crime and drug trafficking.

According to the reports of Albanian journalist Gezima Badzhaku Kosovo’s economy can be described as follows:

... At first glance, in Pristina really noticeable that many new buildings. Everywhere cafes and shops, is unlikely to differ much from the West. But this structure of new business objects and is the problem! In the first place of service making up almost 75 percent of Kosovo’s economic potential. Very few companies that produce. From about 350, more or less large industrial enterprises of bygone days, most privatized. But few of them have started normal operation. In fact, the economic situation in Kosovo difficult. Wages are on average around 200 euros, but these statistics are included, and very high income senior government officials and management. Because of the bad situation in the industry, all oriented toward services and trade, and so it seems that in Kosovo, everything is fine. About 50% rabochesposobnogo population - are unemployed. And it is believed that the shadow economy in Kosovo’s economy is 20-30%.
Yes, statistics show that Kosovo lives thanks to international aid and money, which sends his countrymen from abroad rather rich Albanian diaspora. Over the past seven years, only one civilian UN mission in Kosovo has spent two billion and six hundred thousand euros - most of this in the service of his administration. Kosovo almost nothing produces, exports accounted for only 6% of imports. As they joke in Pristina: we produce a policy, it is our main product.

More than half of the unemployed - young people. According to statistics, 75% of Kosovo’s population under the age of thirty-five years. This is a very young nation, which, if to be a realist, in some degree is the “explosive device”, if certain conditions for its “push”. I have no doubt that after solving the problem of Kosovo’s status, economic issues will come to the fore. Today in Kosovo remains calm social, primarily because it has not yet resolved the political status of the state. When it is defined, the queue will take the economic problems that are still put to the side. [18]
 

Ahmeti Heaps, Managing Director of Solid believes that change the current situation can not independence, and reduce tax rates. Kushtrim Zhakli, an entrepreneur in the field of Internet services, says the main problem in the region stagnant thinking and lack of tradition of private firms to expand higher level than can control one family. “There is fear of modern technology and loss of control” - he says.

Also important for the Government of Kosovo are building new schools, certification and distribution of teachers and their training. Other important objectives - to improve the justice system and make it work often corrupt courts, as well as ensure uninterrupted supply of electricity. Daily power outages in Kosovo - the norm. It is also necessary to attract foreign investment. [14]